《归潜志》史论的内涵与意旨

刘祁《归潜志》作于金亡之后,这是一部记述金代人物事迹的著作,其史论着眼于文治的视角,反思了金代兴亡的原因.探讨了士风与国祚之间的关系.另一方面,《归潜志》史论也反映了作者对新皇朝文治的希翼,具有明显的政治意义.     

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the scientific concept of racial nervous resistance

In 1932, the U.S. Public Health Service began a study of untreated syphilis among black men in Macon County, Alabama. This project, later known as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, became one of the most notorious ventures of twentieth-century medicine. Much has been written on it. Historians have suggested that scientific racism strongly influenced the study. But specific links between earlier racial science and the scientific conduct of the study have remained unexplored. The examination in this paper of the concept of a racially determined resistance to syphilis in the nervous system establishes such a link. Discussion of nervous resistance to syphilis appeared in the medical literature in the early twentieth century as a conjecture about the natural inferiority of blacks. White physicians used the concept to interpret racial differences in neurosyphilis as evidence of the rudimentary development of the brain. A small community of African American physicians joined other national experts in syphilis who chose to explain apparent racial differences through alternate mechanisms. But the scientific advisors to the Tuskegee Syphilis Study favored the concept of a racial resistance to neurosyphilis and steered the early design of the study to help to elucidate it. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was an examination of untreated syphilis, but it also became a demonstration of a putative racial characteristic of syphilis long considered evidence of the natural inferiority of blacks. An examination of the concept of racial nervous resistance and its influence on the research in Macon County helps to define the influence of scientific racism on this notorious medical study.     

A historical review of ethnological and archaeological analyses of mortuary practice

For over a century, anthropologists have analyzed death-related phenomena to acquire knowledge concerning religion, social organization, and economic cooperation. There have been notable epistemological shifts in this inquiry by socioculturalanthropologists, with a “time lag” prior to concomitant archaeological shifts in explanation of similar phenomena. This article reviews many sociocultural and archaeological contributions to the development of a theory of mortuary practice. It is felt that although many advances in method have been made by modern archaeologists in terms of mortuary practice, they have been restricted by an exclusive British functionalist approach. Finally, it is suggested that incorporation of structuralist theory and examinations of the entire trajectory of death-related behavior may be an aid to archaeologists.     

淮军研究及其历史文化资源利用

淮军是晚清时期一支重要的武装力量,也是清代军事体制从传统向近代转化过程中承先启后的一种重要组织形式。本文从六个方面简要介绍了淮军的研究状况,指出了既有研究中存在的问题及今后应该关注的方向,并就如何利用好淮军历史文化资源提出了建议。     

1910年代安徽教师教育背景的历史考察

1910年代,安徽省教师教育背景可简略分为国外留学、新式教育和传统功名三类.不同教育背景的差异,在相当程度上决定了教师群体的就职流向和生活空间.留学生、优级师范毕业生掌控了教育资源.新式教育培养的各式人才开始疏离乡村社会.传统功名者,有的凭藉原有社会资源而在新体制下仍可谋得职位;有的不断追求自身蜕变,或入新式学堂,或负笈留学以更新知识获得社会承认.广布乡间的私塾,虽历经整顿、取缔,仍顽强生存.安徽教师教育背景反映了处于新旧学制更易时期多变的社会风习与心态.     

“三辅”地区汉代城址与“环状政区”观念

本文通过对已经发现的三辅地区汉代城址进行分析.发现这些城址呈现出分层环绕的布局模式,即以长安城为中心,其它域址分远近两层环绕于其周围.而此布局模式的产生当与先秦时期的环状政区观念存在密切联系.     

Enrico Sereni: research on the nervous system of cephalopods

This essay focuses on a paradigmatic moment in neurobiological studies of invertebrates: the research on the nervous system of cephalopods carried out by Enrico Sereni at the Naples Zoological Station between 1925 and 1931. Although he remained unknown on the historiographic scenario, probably due to his early death, he contributed to Italian science of the first half of the twentieth century. In my paper particular attention will be given to Sereni's study on the pigmentary-effector, neurohumoral, and peripheral nervous systems, since they also accounted for the historical foundation of the experimental vein that, through the years, would lead John Zachary Young, Sereni's follower, to the most well-known discovery of the giant nerve fibers.     

历史分期的概念与历史编纂学的实践

历史编纂学中对历史的分期有自然的或技术性的分期与理论性的分期两种。中国和西方传统时代的历史学家都不注重运用历史的理论分期来编纂历史。对理论化的历史分期的热情是启蒙时代以来社会、自然和历史观念变化所激发起来的,对于中国历史学家说来是外来的。凡理论化的历史分期,其理论的根据都远远超出历史学之外,所以对于历史编纂学来说是无法从理论角度判断的,而只能从其对历史编纂学的实际产生怎样的作用来判断。任何理论模式都具有主观性。所以理论性的历史分期对于历史编纂学说来是假说、工具和方法。     

Behind the form: A historical analysis of the agriculture encouragement system in the Song dynasty

Using the political culture analysis method, this paper discusses the origin, contents and functions of the agriculture encouragement system of the Song dynasty, which originated from the pre-Qin period (221–207 BC). The main content of this system in its early stage is that in the early Spring days, the king symbolically ploughed a piece of land near the suburbs of his capital in order to send to his subjects a clear message of the importance he attached to agriculture. It was expected that peasants would be encouraged by his majesty’s guidance, and thus agricultural production of the countryside would be promoted. With the rationalization of the political system since the Qin period, agricultural encouragement gradually became a routine work of the Chinese governments at different levels. Under the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), “agricultural encouragement envoy” was added to the official rank of heads of counties and prefectures. They each were required to take the responsibility of persuading peasants in their jurisdiction to work harder in the field. The actual work as an “agricultural encouragement envoy” in the Song dynasty was to go to the countryside to reward peasants with food and wine in early February, and to write an essay to express his encouragement, and to distribute it to the peasants. Formalistic as it is, the agricultural encouragement system is a typical manifestation of the traditional Chinese political culture. As one of its social impacts on the Song society, it helped the spread of advanced agricultural technology with its institutional basis. __________ Translated from: Zhejiang Daxue Xuebao, Renwen Shehui Kexue Ban 浙江大学学报: 人文社会科学版 (Journal of Zhejiang University, Humanities and Social Science), No. 1, 2004     

唐代笔记对国史的利用

唐代笔记的材料来源,大体有二,一是作者的所见所闻,一是已有的文字材料.所见,为作者亲身经历与目睹.所闻,为得于他人谈论.文字材料,有各类著述,其中包含他人笔记,也包含唐代国史.关于唐代笔记利用本朝国史的情况,历来罕有论述.     

近百年来中国土司制度的史料整理研究

史料可谓历史研究的生命线,进行史料整理是历史研究的必备工作,也是历史研究的重要内容。陈寅恪先生就此问题曾言“一时代之学术,必有其新材料与新问题。取用此材料,以研求问题,则为此时代学术之新潮流。”^①研究土司制度自然也离不开相关史料。《元史》、《明史》、《清史稿》和三代实录及相关地方志自然是     

南京国民政府公务员考绩法规若干史实的考证

南京国民政府在不同的历史时期,先后颁布了考绩法、公务员考绩法、非常时期公务员考绩暂行条例、非常时期公务员考绩条例、公务员考绩条例、公务人员考绩条例。关于这些法规、法令颁布的时间、施行的时间,考绩的种类、程序和方法等基本史实,目前出版的有关教材、著作中,有不少错误,甚至有十多种图书包括辞典、教材错得一模一样。本文的考证,旨在纠正错误,寻得正确答案。     

Historicization of the culture concept

Recent criticisms for culture concept targeted a vision of culture as a hermetically sealed synchronic entity tied to a spatial unit. The article urges the historicization of the concept of culture itself, rather than discarding it altogether. Culture constitutes historical processes of the interpenetration between two mutually constituent forces: the global and the local. Culture through time requires a re‐examination of such concepts as “hybridity,”; “cosmopolitanism,”; and “historical discontinuity of the present from the past.”; Three cases of Japanese historical experiences are presented as examples of possible ways to historicize anthropology.     

The origin and evolution of the concept of mixin (superstition): A review of May Fourth scientific views

ABSTRACT

This article explores the evolving connotations of the concept of “superstition” up to the establishment of “superstition studies,” in an examination of the process of secularization experienced by early modern Chinese thought under the impact of Western science. In traditional texts, the Chinese term mixin (迷信, literally “delusional beliefs”), modernly translated as“superstition,” carries diverse and variable meanings: aside from referring to the proper or improper content of ideas and beliefs, mixin also has political connotations, broadly referring to beliefs or behaviors differing from the official rituals. On an ideological level, the traditional concept of mixin refers to a category of thought opposed to Confucian concepts such as the cosmology of Heaven, Earth, and Man, or the idea that “for a man to sacrifice to a spirit which does not belong to him is flattery.” In the late Qing Dynasty, as the idea of “superstition” as opposed to “science” was introduced via Japan, the traditional connotations of mixin evaporated, and it merged with other neologisms. From the late Qing to the early Republic, the parameters of “superstition” were expanded to encompass anything at odds with “reason.” This was also a reflection of China’s shift from the “Classical Age” to the “Age of Science,” as Confucian concepts and scientific ideas successively served as the criteria for judging “superstition.” As of the present, a consensus has yet to be reached on how to distinguish between “religion” and “superstition.” This paper shall seek to clarify the connotations of mixin or “superstition” in different contexts and their connection to the changing times, which may aid in understanding the complex facets of this issue.