起步探索的1956年

1956年,是社会主义制度在中国基本建立的一年,也是中国共产党人探索中国自己的社会主义建设道路 起步的一年。 一、中国进入了社会主义 1955年秋后开始在农村出现的农业合作化高潮很快在城市得到了响应,资本主义工商业者和手工业者纷 纷走上街头,敲锣打鼓要求公私合营。1956年1月3日,《人民日报》发表社论《进一步做好对私营工商业的 改造工作》,指出:从中华全国工商联执行委员会第二次会议闭幕以来,全国各地私营工商业中的职工和资本     

1956年的知识分子问题会议

(一)会议的筹备 1955年下半年,我国农业、手工业和资本主义工商业的社会主义改造进入高潮。随着社会主义改造任务的提前完成,我国将进入大规模的经济建设时期,因而科学技术和知识分子的作用也就日显重     

1956 and the PSI: The end of 'ten winters'

The focus of this article is the revisionist course which the Italian Socialist Party embarked upon after 1956 and which led up to the first Centre-Left government. The article challenges two quite well established views. One view is that the transformation experienced by the PSI during the 1956-64 period was simply tactically expedient and devoid of any substance and consistency. This article argues, by contrast, that these years represented, in Alessandro Pizzorno's words, a veritable 'Copernican revolution'. This period of revisionism was as important as the better-known revisionisms elaborated during the same period by other European Socialist parties such as the German SPD or British Labour. The second main argument is that 'structural reformism', the new strategy adopted by the PSI after 1956, was not, as it has often been described, an expression of 'duplicity' owing to the party's incapacity to behave like a genuinely reformist party - a phenomenon that has allegedly long characterized parties of the Left. Instead, the strategy was reflected in the changes to European socialism during the early 1960s. In particular, this period marked a contrast to the previous years which were characterized by the dominance of ideas of 'redistributive' socialism, a ¤ la Anthony Crosland. This period marked also a shift among Socialist parties towards the acceptance of greater state controls over the economy by way of public planning and ownership.     

Cavafy in Poland

Abstract

Despite the diversity of Modern Greek poetry available in Polish translation, Cavafy's work has eclipsed the achievements of other poets, just as the shadow of his lifelong translator, Zygmunt Kubiak, has inhibited other attempts only starting to surface in the twenty-first century. While external factors have determined Modern Greek anthologies in Poland, Cavafy translation has been mostly driven by personal passion. Apart from translation, this article reflects on various reasons why the Alexandrian's work should be so attractive to the Polish literary scene. Cavafy's seminal place within Polish literature stimulates further reflection on rewriting Cavafy in Poland.     

The border floods,August 1956

The dominance of Mexico City over the remainder of the country appears to offer conclusive evidence that Mexico's space economy is characterised by core‐periphery relationships. Most measurable criteria indicate that the Yucatan peninsula is part of the periphery. Despite this, it is possible to argue that within the Yucatan peninsula* itself, the city of Merida acts as a core area and has been responsible for a considerable degree of autonomous economic growth, thus acting as a core within the periphery.     

Geography at the British association 1956

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Geology and Scenery in Ireland. By J. B. Whitlow. 7 ¾ × 5, 301 pp., 38 plates, 46 figures Index. Penguin, London, 1975. £1.00.

Periglacial Processes and Environments. By A. L. Washburn. 320 pp. Maps, figures andnumerous plates. Edward Arnold, 1973. £6.75.

Global Climate. By Keith Boucher. 6 ½ 9 ¼, 326 pp. 31 plates, figures, glossary, bibliography. English Universities Press, London, 1975. £2.85.

Principles of Applied Climatology. By Keith Smith. 9 ½ × 8 ½, 283 pp. Diagrams, references, index. McGraw‐Hill, Maidenhead, 1975. £5.25.

Plant Geography. By Martin C. Kellman. 9 ½ × 6 ½, 135 pp. 25 figures, 12 plates, biblioography, glossary, index. Methuen, Andover, 1975. £3.20.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY

The Mineral Resources of Britain: A Study in Exploitation and Planning. By John Blunden. 9 ¼ × 9, 545 pp. 17 plates, index, bibliography. Hutchinson, London, 1975. £12.50.

Locational dynamics of manufacturing activity. Ed. L. Collins and D. F. Walker. 23.5 × 16 cms, 402 pp. Diagrams and tables, index. Wiley, Chichester, 1975. £10.00.

People on the move: Studies on internal migration. Ed. L. A. Kosinski and R. M. Prothero. 9 ½ × 6 ¼. 393 pp. Illustrations, Index, Bibliography. Methnen, 1975. £8 50.

Rural Recreation in the Industrial World. By I. G. Simmons. 9 ¼ × 6, 310 pp. Tables, plates, index, bibliography. Edward Arnold, Maidenhead, 1975. £9.95.

REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY

Eastern Europe: A Geography of the COMECON Countries. By Roy E. H. Mellor. 9 ½ × 6 ¼, 358 pp., illustrations, bibliography, index. Macmillan, 1975. £7.90 (paperback £3 95).

An Economic Geography of Romania. By David Turnock. 8 ¾ × 5 ¾. Pp. xiii + 319. Illustrations, index, bibliographical note. G. Bell, London, 1974. £6.25.

Rhodes. By Brian Dicks. 8 ¾ × 5 ½. 200 pp. Illustrations, Bibliography, Index. David, and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1974. £3 75.

EDUCATIONAL

Oxford Geography Project: (1) The Local Framework, 126 pp., (2) European Patterns, 130 pp. and (3) Contrasts in Development, 164 pp. By J. Rolfe, C. Rowe, M. Grenyer, et al. 9 ½ × 9, illustrated, O.U.P., London, 1974‐5. £1.25 each.

Patterns in Geography One. By W. R. Rice. 92 pp. + 30 worksheets. Longman, 1973. 85p. The Elements of Geography in Colour. By Dobson ant Virgo. 204 pp. E.U.P., 1974. £1.35. A Geography of Natural Landscapes. By R. Andrews. 138 pp. George Philip, 1975. £3.90.

Aspects of Geography Series: General Editors: Keith Clayton and T. H. Elkins. Energy: Needs and Resources: Peter Odell; Resource Systems: Ian and Caroll Simmons; Weathering and Landforms: Cliff Olier; Recreation and Environment: Peter Toyne; Regional Disparities: Morgan Sant; Slope Development: Anthony and Doreen Young. Macmillan Education Ltd., 1974.     

Revolution,uprising, civil war: the conceptual dilemmas of 1956

There were from the very beginning two ways of conceptualising the events of 1956 in Hungary, labelling it as a revolution or a national uprising. There also emerged a third way of conceptual definition when what occurred in 1956 was named an anti-totalitarian movement. From the theoretical perspective of Begriffsgeschichte the Hungarian events of 1956 cannot simply be assumed under the notion of ‘revolution’, the term first applied to what took place in France in 1789, since it was not the kind of a forceful collective effort leading to an unknown future. The notion of ‘revolutio’ works better to describe the analytical meaning of the Hungarian anti-Soviet and anti-Communist disturbance. The reason has been that the main thrust of the Hungarian situation in 1956 was similar to the seventeenth-century English and the eighteenth-century American ‘revolutions’, to return definitively to a point of departure by regaining some of the formerly lost social and political liberties.