HIERARCHICAL AND FUNCTIONAL STABILITY AND CHANGE IN A STRONGLY URBANIZING AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO, 1871-1971

Commercial functional and hierarchical stability and change, 1871-1971, are analysed for the Toronto-to-London area using the Davies index. The subsequent spatial analysis showed that by 1971 ‘surging’ places, those growing faster than their long-term mean, were concentrated near larger cities, a pattern similar to 1871 except for the 1971 concentration near Toronto. The middle years 1901-41 were the most stable on all measures. ‘Slowing’ places occurred on the northern periphery in 1871, from Toronto to Hamilton in 1901-41, and in the rural area west of Kitchener by 1971. Une analyse est entreprise de l‘évolution hierarchique et fonctionnelle, 1871-1971, pour la region entre Toronto et Londres, utilisant l'indice de Davies. L'analyse spatialle demontre qu'en 1971 les centres qui etaient entrain de s'agrandir plus rapidement que la moyenne à long terme se trouvaient concentrés près des plus grandes villes, une repartition semblable a celle de 1871 exception faite de la concentration prés de Toronto en 1971. Les periodes de 1901 à 1941 furent caractérisées par le plus grand degré de stabilité sur tous les mesures. Les centres dits ralentissants se trouverent sur la limite nord en 1871, de Toronto à Hamilton entre 1901 et 1941, et dans la zone rurale à l'ouest de Kitchener en 1971.     

Reviews/Comptes rendus

Development Regions in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and Canada , edited by A ndrew F. B urghardt
London School of Economics & Political Science and School of Slavonic Studies, University of London
Indians in the Fur Trade: Their Role as Trappers, Hunters, and Middlemen in the Lands Southwest of Hudson Bay 1660-1870 , by A rthur J. R ay
Environmental Data from Historical Documents by Content Analysis: Freeze-up and Break-up of Estuaries on Hudson Bay, 1714-1871 , by D.W. M oodie and A.J.W. C atchpole
Techniques in Pedology , by R ichard T. S mith and K enneth A tkinson
La Crise Urbaine: A Challenge to Geographers , edited by R.A. R oberge
Urban Home steading , by J ames W. H ughes and K enneth D. B leakly , Jr.     

An otological investigation of Lithuanian skulls

Two thousand seven hundred and sixty temporal bones from 1603 skulls ranging from the Neolithic to the eighteenth century AD were investigated visually and under magnification, scoring auditory exostoses, stapes footplate fixation and removing preserved auditory ossicles. Sixteen cases of auditory exostoses were noted. Changes in their occurrence were evident in adult skulls from the first to second millennia AD, (3.31 ± 0.87 per cent and 0.25 ± 0.18 per cent, p < 0.001). Clear sexual differences were also elucidated (males: 1.96 ± 0.56 per cent, females: 0.49 ± 0.28 per cent). Taking into account the geographical latitude of Lithuania, this prevalence should not be considered high. Twelve cases of stapes footplate fixation in the oval window, which could be considered as otosclerosis, were identified; no sexual or temporal differences were noted. The general frequency in adult skulls (0.99 ± 0.28 per cent) is similar to that in contemporary Caucasoid people. Three hundred and four intact auditory ossicles obtained during examination were measured. As these measurements did not differ significantly from data in the literature, morphological stability of the auditory ossicles was confirmed. Certain sexual differences were established for several measurements.     

Vancouver island in the empire

Colonised by sea from the British Isles half a century before it became a part of Canada in 1871, Vancouver Island is best understood as part of a worldwide system of island bases that included Aden, Bombay, Cyprus, Gibraltar, Hong Kong, Malta, St Helena, Sydney and Trincomalee (Ceylon). Its character was formed by the Royal Navy as it moved into the Pacific and by other imperial personnel attracted by reports of cheap land in a picturesque landscape, good fishing and hunting, and a British civilisation. Surprising numbers of British officers and civil servants arrived from India and China as well as Britain. Historians from east of the Rockies, busy writing the Empire out of Canadian history, tend to approach the Island's history through an ideological cloud of nationalism. The result has been an unfortunate distortion of Vancouver Island's imperial past.     

THE REGIONAL MALL IN CANADA

Over the last three decades, regional shopping malls have become significant features of the Canadian urban landscape. They account for the largest concentrations of employment, retail sales, and trip destinations outside the central business district, and they reshape patterns of accessibility within communities. This article examines the number, economic role, location, and implication of these facilities, in Canada, and contrasts them with similar malls in the United States. By 7 986, there were 84 regional malls with more than 500 000 sq. ft. of space in Canada, and these malls accounted for 10 per cent of all retail sales.     

Environment, disease and mortality in early Virginia

Early Virginia (1607-24) was a nightmarish world of disease and death, perhaps uncurpassed in the annals of English colonization. Typhoid fever and dysentery visited Jamestown in recurrent epidemics killing 30 per cent or more of the colonists with each onslaught. Yet Jamestown endured because the leaders of the Virginia Company misapprehended the nexus between the estuarine environment and water-borne, non-immunizing diseases. Each summer, death stalked the town as invading salt water pushed up the estuary and concentrated pathogens in the town's water supply. The prevention of disease and death required the abandonment of Jamestown and relocation into healthier niches, which occurred with the dissolution of the Virginia Company in 1624.     

OUT-MIGRATION FROM MATLAB—A RURAL AREA OF BANGLADESH

Rural landlessness and pauperisation are ongoing processes in Bangladesh, forcing people to migrate to other areas or countries in search of a livelihood. The study estimates levels of and differentials in out-migration of adult Bangladeshis, and examines reasons for migration and place of destination, using longitudinally collected migration data in the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh's (ICDDR,B's) Matlab surveillance area during the periods 1997–1999 and 2006–2008. The out-migration rate increased over time (48 per cent men versus 28 per cent women). Men migrated primarily for economic reasons (73–76 per cent), and women, for familial reasons (77–78 per cent). The younger, educated and well-off were more likely to migrate to urban areas and foreign countries than their older, less educated and poorer peers, who were more likely to migrate to other rural areas. Effective steps are needed to check rural-urban migration, and its numerous adverse consequences.     

Analysis of faunal remains from the Kretuonas lake settlement

The Middle (Kretuonas 1B), Late Neolithic (Zemaitiške 1 and Zemaitiške 2) and Old Bronze Age (Kretuonas 1C) settlements near Kretuonas Lake (Svencioneliai district, Reskutenai village) yielded many artefacts of bone, antler, horn and teeth (750 in total). In the Kretuonas 1B assemblage, deer bones accounted for 50.5 per cent, elk bones 19.7 per cent and boar bones for 27.7 per cent of the total. In the Zemaitiške 1 and 2 settlements the respective portions were 27.7 and 62.0 per cent deer, 6.8 and 20.0 per cent elk and 10.1 per cent boar. In Kretuonas 1C the proportions were 10.9, 36.0 and 7.5 per cent respectively. In the Kretuonas 1B settlement 32 artefacts were identified, 16 from deer bone, four from elk and four from boar. In the Zemaitiške 2 settlement there were 114 artefacts of which 57 were identified to species. Of these, 39 were from deer, eight from elk and four from boar. Finally, in the Kretuonas 1C settlement, of the 531 artefacts found, 120 were identified to species and of these 49 were from deer, 44 from elk, nine from boar and nine from bear.     

Does the Centre Hold? Testing Palma's Proposition (A Comment)

This Comment tests empirically the important proposition made by Palma in this journal (Development and Change, 2011) that deciles 5 to 9 of the income distribution across developing economies have been able to secure and defend a stable share (around 50 per cent) of the total available income, so that changes in income inequality are now a matter of struggle between the top 10 per cent and the bottom 40 per cent of the population, ranked by income. The author finds that the proposition does not hold: changes in top 10 per cent shares are matched by changes in the shares of both the other cohorts.     

Révolution industrielle logique et signification de l'opératoire

In England, during the first half of the xix^th century, a network organised around Charles Babbage (1791–1871), John F. W. Herschel (1792–1871), George Peacock (1791–1858), Duncan F. Gregory (1813–1844), Augustus de Morgan (1806–1871), George Boole (1815–1864), and other less known authors renewed the status of algebra in a peculiar way. As a result, their works are often considered to mark the birth of abstract algebra. But these algebraists were also involved, as reformers, in the new organisation of science. Taking this into account, I propose a more contextual reading of their works, which can then be understood as side-effects of the Industrial Revolution (1760–1830). These works are analysed as cultural mediators between the roots of University teaching, founded on fidelity to the Ancients on the one hand, and new forms of construction of knowledge on the other. Such a mediation brought together algebra and logic for the first time.     

ACCULTURATION ALIMENTAIRE ET MUTATION URBAINE: LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L'INDUSTRIE DE LA RESTAURATION DANS L'AGGLOMÉRATION URBAINE DE QUÉBEC

Le développement récent de I'industrie de la restauration au Canada est représentatif de la transformation rapide des habitudes alimentaires de la population depuis trois décennies. De plus en plus industrialisée, la restauration se développe selon deux tendances principales: la nutrition (la restauration rapide - fast-food) et la convivialité (restauration gastronomique). Dans cet article, nous analysons le développement de I'industrie de la restauration dans la région métropolitaine de Québec au cours des trente dernières années, en faisant ressortir la dynami-que spatiale de la pénétration du secteur de la restauration de type 'fast-food' lors de I'expansion du tissu urbain et sa structuration par les voies rapides de transport automobile.
The recent development of the restaurant industry in Canada reflects the rapid transformation of the population's eating habits during the last thirty years. As it becomes more and more industrialized, the economic sector of the restaurant industry is developing according to two main tendencies: nutrition (fast-food restaurants) and conviviality (fine dining). In this paper, we look at the development of the restaurant industry in the metropolitan area of Quebec during the last three decades, showing the spatial dynamism of the fast-food sector since the beginning of rapid urban expansion and highway construction.     

Canadian Philosophy: A Dialectical Exploration

This article inquires into the difference between philosophy as a universal practice and philosophy as a cultural product; its aim is to establish a case for there being Canadian philosophy. Philosophy as a practice can exhibit a dialectical framework. The practice can pursue both universal truths and cultural variations in expressions of those truths. Each philosophical endeavor requires the other to be meaningful. No matter how abstract a “truth” may be, an example always creates cultural relevance. The article introduces the example of an early Canadian philosopher, whose work is documented in the book by Leslie Armour and Elizabeth Trott, The Faces of Reason: An Essay on Philosophy and Culture in English Canada, 1850-1950. John Watson (1847–1939) was the most prolific and well-known contributor to philosophy in early Canada, pursuing universal questions and yet responding to the circumstances of his new home in developing Canada and, in doing so, contributing to Canadian cultural interpretations of philosophical questions. This article uses his example to conclude that the study of philosophy in Canada must include Canadian philosophy.     

How Road Traffic Injuries Affect Household Welfare in Cambodia Using the Millennium Development Goals Benchmarks

This paper reveals the welfare costs of traffic injuries in Cambodia at the beginning of a decade in which greater research and resources will be focused on road safety. The results quantify how road traffic injuries affect progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) using survey data from 100 Cambodian households. The median age of the police-reported casualties was 28 years and 68 per cent were male. In terms of poverty (MDG1), injuries resulted in a 21 per cent loss of income for the 542 household residents. The poorest households, and those with a seriously injured resident, were worst affected. Primary education (MDG2) drop-out rates were eight times the province average. The gender (MDG3) income gap widened by 28 per cent, whilewomen bore 88 per cent of the burden of care for the injured. In terms of child health and mortality (MDG4), 31 per cent of respondents reported adeterioration in child health, while 24 per cent of respondents reported a deterioration in maternal health (MDG5). The households reported rates of priority diseases (MDG6) at twice the national average. Environment (MDG7) outcomes included increased wood fuel use and stagnation in improving drinking water access, with no apparent development partnership (MDG8) to address the negative welfare impacts of road traffic injury.     

Gender representation and participation in Dutch human geography departments

Since the beginning of the 1970s the under‐representation of women in geography has been questioned in several publications. Most articles refer to the situation in English‐speaking countries. This paper examines the vertical and horizontal gender segregation in human geography departments in Dutch universities. In spite of several policy measures to promote equal opportunity, women form only 19 per cent of all human geography faculty. In the conclusion, consequences and dilemmas related to gender representation and segregation are discussed.     

Mossland Reclamation and Refuse Disposal in the Manchester area in the nineteenth century

Abstract

Mossland reclamation is a distinctive feature in the formation of the English cultural landscape. Most mosslands were reclaimed purely for agricultural purposes. Manchester's growth in the later nineteenth century brought acute problems of refuse disposal. Carrington and Chat Mosses were acquired by Manchester Corporation for the dumping of that refuse. Between 1886 and 1910, the two mosses absorbed 20 per cent of all refuse. At the same time, but originally less important these two mosslands were converted into agricultural land. The reclamation of Carrington and Chat Mosses is a fine example of the influence of towns in the nineteenth century on the agricultural development of their hinterlands.     

Regional Unemployment in Canada in the 1981–4 Recession

The 1981–4 recession in Canada was the worst in half a century, with unemployment peaking at almost 13 per cent in December 1982. However, the effect of the recession varied considerably from region to region, in both severity and timing. This paper measures the severity of the recession's regional impact in both the downswing and recovery phases. The timing of the recession in each region is then identified, using the method of turning points. Preliminary interpretations of the seventy and timing of regional recession are presented, drawing particularly on explanations rooted in the economic structure and trade performance of the regions .
La dépression des années 1981–4 a été la pire que le Canada ate connu en un demi-siècle, alors que le taux de chomage a presqu atteint 13 pour cent en décembre 1982. Cependant, le choc de la dépression a été ressenti différemment d'une région à I'autre à la fois dans sa sévérité, et le moment de son apparation. Cette etude mesure la sévérité du choc de la depression au plan regional tant dans sa periode de descente, que celle de sa remontée. L'incidence de la dépression dans le temps en chaque region est identifiée par la méthode du point décisif. Des interpretations prélimi-naires de la sévérité et de /incidence dans le temps de la dépression au niveau regional sont présentées, en tenant compte surtout des raisons avancées pour expliquer la structure économique et la performance commerciale des régions .     

Why Does the Cook Islands Still Need Overseas Aid?

The Cook Islands Government spends more than 40 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP). Its tax revenue is capped at 25 per cent of GDP under a 1998 austerity package agreed with its creditors New Zealand, Nauru and the Asian Development Bank. Non-tax revenue is 5 per cent of GDP, and external aid fills the resulting gap. This recently renewed reliance on aid contrasts sharply with the strong performance of the economy’s private sector, driven by a booming tourism industry, which has pushed the balance of payments into a huge surplus and raises important questions about the allocation of the gains from growth.     

The Nunawading Messiah: James Fisher and Popular Millenarianism in Nineteenth-Century Melbourne

James Fisher (1832-1913), known as the "Nunawading Messiah," was the leader of a millenarian sect now virtually forgotten. This article describes the beliefs and practices of the sect, the Church of the Firstborn, which he led for nearly fifty years, first in Nunawading (Vic.) and later Wickepin (W.A.). From limited sources, the development of the sect is outlined, noting the eighteenth-century English background from which it drew inspiration and the Christian Israelite traditions which it followed to some degree. Fisher's attempt to succeed Wroe as an Angelic Messenger is detailed as is the public controversy of 1871 concerning Fisher's prophetic claims and alleged polygamy. An analysis of the reasons why Fisher was able to attract a following and retain it for so long is included. The final years of his life as the leader of a communal settlement in Western Australia is followed by a discus-sion of his place in the millenarian tradition in Australia and his sect is compared with millenarian behaviour generally.     

Kuwait is home: perceptions of happiness and belonging among second plus generation non-citizens in Kuwait

Kuwait is an oil-rich Gulf country where temporary foreign workers and their families comprise two-thirds of the population, without access to permanent residence or citizenship. Several residents, however, stay for long durations, raising a second or third generation there. Surveys of second plus generation non-nationals were conducted among 973 high school students and 246 working persons in 2012. These surveys were analysed in order to: (i) Advance the understanding of how non-citizens relate to their impermanent status in terms of being happy in Kuwait and considering it home; and (ii) To identify characteristics that enhance the above perceptions. Among students, 48 per cent were extremely happy and 52 per cent considered it as home very strongly; corresponding percentages among working persons were 35 per cent and 48 per cent, respectively. Arab nationality, female gender, longer duration of residence and bilingual proficiency were positively associated with perceptions of belongingness, which may enhance societal harmony.     

Sex assessment of medieval Norwegian skeletons based on permanent tooth crown size

The excavation of the Library site in Trondheim uncovered the medieval cemetry of St. Olav's church containing 388 skeletons, of which 248 had skulls with teeth. Sex assessment was based on osteological criteria, and for 145 skeletons sex classification was performed with a high degree of certainty. The remaining 103 were classified as uncertain male, uncertain female and sex undetermined. Mesio-distal and facio-lingual crown widths of permanent teeth in the group of reliably assessed males and females were used in sex-discriminant analyses. A combination of two or more teeth was less effective in discrimination than using one tooth alone. This was due to missing data in the combined variable sets and thereby loss of cases. Missing variables were due to post-mortem tooth loss, attrition or large deposits of calculus. The teeth were ranked according to their power in sex discrimination. The left maxillary first molar (26) represented by its facio-lingual dimension was the best sex discriminator (classified 85 per cent of the cases correctly), followed by the right maxillary first molar (16) also represented by its facio-lingual dimension (classified 77 per cent correctly). With only one variable in the discriminant function, a critical value could be calculated and tabulated for each tooth. This was used in sex assessment of the osteologically undetermined and uncertain groups. Only variables that could sex classify correctly at least 70 per cent of the cases with the Jack-knife procedure were used. Sex assessment could be made for 16 of 24 (66.7 per cent) of the osteologically sex-undetermined adult individuals and for 21 of 44 (47.7 per cent) of the children. Of 35 osteologically uncertainly sex-assessed skulls, only nine (six men and three women) corresponded with dental classification.