历史地理在以色列农业发展中的作用

历史地理在以色列农业发展中的作用张联社高亚军去冬今春,我们实地考察了以色列的节水旱作农业、高效创汇农业以及农村地区综合发展规划的理论及其实施效果。近半年的实地参观考察过程中,笔者格外留心与国外历史地理工作者交流座谈。我们发现虽然历史地理这门学科,在建...     

美国对以色列的政策及美以关系的发展（1948-1958）

以色列是在美国的支持下建立的。战后,美国通过插手巴勒斯坦事务,逐步从英国手中夺取处理该地区事务的主动权。在以色列建国伊始,美国给予这一新生国家巨大的帮助。但在战略上,美国并未将以色列视作特别重点考虑对象。在第二次中东战争结束以后,以色列开始受到特别关注,其在美中东战略中的地位和作用日渐突出。本文利用美国解密的档案材料及国内外学者的有关著述,对以建国初期(1948至1958年)美国对以色列的策略及美以关系的发展进行梳理与分析,希望有助于深刻理解美以特殊战略关系的形成及美以关系发展的现状。     

论希伯来巨人神话体系——形象、母题及其意识形态观念

在古代以色列文明中,希伯来巨人神话体系具有重要意义。巨人形象源自以色列民族上古传说,其庞大的体型与令人发指的暴行在古代以色列民族文化中广为流传,逐渐演化出独特的巨人神话母题。古代以色列文献作者则有意识地利用该母题,表达对民族信仰与历史人物的立场与态度,形成"以巨人言恶"的书写传统。在此基础上,借助希伯来巨人神话体系,古代以色列文献作者对"灵与肉"的张力关系及其所蕴含的意识形态观念进行了充分探讨。因此,希伯来巨人神话体系是以色列民族关于罪恶起源、公义观念以及神学、哲学思辨的复合载体,无论是其传说发端的神秘性、文学形象的鲜明性还是哲学思辨维度上的深刻性,在以色列民族文化系统中都独树一帜,具有重要研究价值。     

试论古代以色列民族的历史观——从资料构成、史书编集到观念的形成

与古代埃及和西亚诸国只留下编年体的历史记载不同,古代以色列民族具有自己鲜明的历史意识;与古代希腊充满人本精神的历史记载也不同,以色列民族历史观的实质是一神论的神权历史观.他们将对耶和华神的信仰融入对民族历史发展的思考和解释之中,其历史书卷的编写几乎持续了一千年之久,在这一过程中,以色列历史成为"历史就是耶和华神对以色列民族的救赎史"的生动体现.     

以色列一切从心开始

以色列,一个看似动乱,但比任何人都珍惜和捍卫和平的国家;以色列,一个沙漠覆盖三分之二,但创造了沙漠农业奇迹的国家;以色列,一个被周边国家制约,但经济发达的国家;以色列,上帝应许之地,犹太人的皈依地;以色列,一个想不到如此美丽,如此和平,如此神奇的国家.以色列,一块流着奶和蜜的地方,是犹太人的诞生地和犹太教、伊斯兰教、基督教三大宗教的精神中心,是现代与古代,历史沉淀与当代生机奇异风光与多彩文化的完美融合地.     

试析1941-1958年美国对以色列的援助

战后国际关系中,美国和以色列的特殊关系最为引人瞩目,美国每年给予以色列数额巨大的军事和经济援助,这已成为美以特殊关系的重要组成部分。国内学界对于美以特殊关系中的援助问题的研究主要集中于20世纪60年代以后,对于20世纪60年代以前（即1941-1958年）美国对以色列的援助问题的研究很少。本文探讨1948—1958年以色列建国初期美国对以色列的援助问题。     

新形势下如何提高村级档案管理工作

<正>村级档案管理工作作为农业农村档案工作的基础,反映了农村的真实面貌,是基层党委、政府制定农业和农村思路,促进社会主义新农村建设全面与可持续发展的信息资源,是农民群众维护自身权益的重要凭证。做好村级档案管理工作,对于促进新农村政治、物质、精神文明建设和社会稳定,建设"和谐农村",加强农村基层组织建设,规范村务管理等方面具有特别重要的意义。因此,如何扎实抓好村级档案管理工作成为了农村基层行政管理迫切需     

中国学者关于以色列问题的研究

近十多年来,随着中国和以色列之间经济文化事业的交流与发展,特别是１９９２年１月两国正式建交之后,中国学术界掀起了研究以色列的热潮。据初步统计,８０年代中期至１９９７年底,国内各类期刊上发表的介绍、研究以色列的学术性文章已达７０余篇,各出版社出版的有关...     

珍贵的和平岁月——圣经城市里的古代生活

在数千年的征战和纷争间隙,和平显得弥足珍贵。在和平降临的时候,以色列的人们充分利用水源和土地,殚精竭虑地耕种和收获;同时,他们利用以色列联系了几个大洲和文明的优越地理位置,广泛开展商贸活动,在沙漠中留下了精巧的农业和商业建筑。     

依托多功能性推动农业文化遗产地产业融合发展

正多功能性是农业文化遗产的重要特征之一,农业文化遗产不仅是一个生产系统,同时在生物多样性保护、传统知识与技术传承以及生态和文化景观维持等方面具有重要功能。依托农业文化遗产的多功能性,开发农村一二三产业,是带动遗产地居民增产增收,实现可持续发展的重要途径。在农业文化遗产的多功能中,生态功能是基础,遗产     

Agriculture,Trade and Sustainability

In recent decades there has been growing concern about the combined undesired consequences of rapid economic growth, based on the free market movement, and developments in science and technology. This concern has placed the sustainable development concept on the world's agenda. The notion of sustainability, which originally referred mostly to the environmental consequences of human activities, along with their economic and social aspects, has been discussed not only at the national and the global levels but also in relation to particular sectors of the economy. One such sector is agriculture, which to be sustainable must be ecologically sound, economically viable, and socially responsible. Unless current trade and agricultural policies are geared to creating such a structure, sustainability will be no more than a myth in the industrialized and globalized world, while considerable numbers of people will be left struggling with hunger and poverty. Ethical, fair trade and ecologic agricultural practices, such as organic farming, have been suggested as alternatives to existing practices. However, with their current and potential size, these alternatives cannot compete with existing production and trade systems. But these alternatives nevertheless highlight the main problems of current day free trade and industrialized agriculture structures and their related solutions.

This paper reviews the concepts of sustainable development and sustainable agriculture: it raises the question whether the world-wide free market economy is really free, and it considers the undesired consequences of this economy by focusing on the relationship between sustainable agriculture and agriculture-related trade policies.     

Re‐valuing the Fringe: Some Findings on the Value of Agricultural Production in Australia's Peri‐Urban Regions

The agriculture that occurs in Australia's peri‐urban regions is not well understood, nor has its economic value ever been examined systematically. Using a spatial frame derived from research into population change, Agricultural Census data are used to calculate the value of this agricultural production. The analysis suggests that peri‐urban regions in the five mainland States produce almost 25% of Australia's total gross value of agricultural production. Evidence gathered from other surveys suggests that, in some respects, this may be an underestimate. Although qualified and provisional, these findings have important strategic implications for agricultural development, urban and regional development and, ultimately, sustainable development. However, peri‐urban issues are often submerged in public policy deliberations, and peri‐urban agriculture is poorly served by the Agricultural Census.     

“Operation Exodus”: Israeli government involvement in the production of Otto Preminger's Film Exodus (1960)

This article explores the Israeli government's enthusiastic and substantial role in the production of Otto Preminger's Exodus (1960), the influential pro-Zionist film on the creation of Israel which was loosely based on the highly successful novel by Leon Uris. This involvement followed a decade of mostly unsuccessful Israeli government endeavors to encourage its many supporters in Hollywood to produce films in and about Israel: both for their potential economic rewards and for international propaganda. Utilizing archival sources in the United States, Britain, and especially Israel, this article charts Israeli efforts to encourage Hollywood productions in the 1950s and the extent to which Israeli officials provided encouragement and assistance to Exodus: first to the novel and then critically to the film. The article shows that the film producers took into account British and Arab observations too. However, the degree to which Exodus served Israeli propaganda themes is finally demonstrated by the eager efforts made by Zionist bodies and Israeli government officials to promote its international distribution.     

延安市农民收入可持续增长机制探析

近年来,延安市农民人均纯收入一直低于全国平均水平,城乡居民收入差距也不断扩大。为改变这一局面,延安市政府实施了生态移民工程,进行了农业产业结构调整。这些措施在一定程度上改善了农民的生活水平,但是,制约农民收入增长的根本性障碍仍然存在。只有促进高附加值农业的可持续发展、鼓励农村剩余劳动力的外出就业和使农村非农产业实现较快发展,才能建立起农民收入的可持续增长机制。     

近代华北农村人口消长及其流动——兼论黄宗智“没有发展的增长”说

清代咸丰朝以后 ,华北四省的人口数量一直呈增长趋势 ,这一地区出现了人满为患的局面。严重的人口压力和由此产生的谋求基本生存条件的迫切需要 ,造成了华北地区人口成百万地向东北和内蒙古地区迁移。在人口压力的驱动下 ,近代华北农村技术经济作物的扩大 ,亦农亦商的普遍趋向 ,以副补农的普遍存在等 ,都可以视为农业经济发展的表征。判断明清以来中国农业有无发展 ,并不能仅仅局限于单位工作日劳动生产率的狭窄范畴。衡量农业发展的标准 ,应当包括生产力和生产关系两个方面     

乡村旅游与农村经济互动持续发展模式与对策探析

乡村旅游是新世纪我国农村发展和旅游产业发展的重要组成部分,是推动农村经济发展的重要动力。本文分析了乡村旅游发展对我国农村经济发展的意义和乡村旅游与农村经济互动持续发展的基本条件。在此基础上,作者提出了促进两者互动持续发展的模式,并提出不同类型的乡村旅游的发展模式及其与农村经济互动持续发展相应的主要对策。     

发达国家的农业现代化对我国农业发展的启示

本文系统地分析了发达国家农业现代化的特点,从发达国家农业现代化与我国农业生产现状的结合点上,探讨了今后我国农业发展的途径与策略。     

Participatory Watershed Development in India: Can it Sustain Rural Livelihoods?

The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of policy interventions through watershed development (WD) on the livelihoods of the rural communities. This is done by assessing the programme in the context of a sustainable rural livelihoods framework, that is, looking at its impact on the five types of capital assets and strategies required for the means of living. The article also examines the vulnerability and stability of these capital assets, as well as analysing which people participate in the programme and enhance their livelihoods through sharing its benefits. In the light of the analysis, it is argued that watershed development holds the potential for enhanced livelihood security even in geo‐climatic conditions where the watershed cannot bring direct irrigation benefits on a large scale. In such fragile environments, however, watershed development is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for sustaining rural livelihoods. While the focus of watershed development is primarily on strengthening the ecological base such as water bodies (including traditional tanks), grazing lands and wastelands, it should be complemented with other programmes which focus on landless poor households in order to make it pro‐poor. In the context of low rainfall regions where improvement in irrigation facilities is slow, agriculture alone cannot support the communities. Policies and programmes should aim at creating an environment for diverse livelihood activities, which are the choice of the household rather than distress activities.     

Environmental change,agricultural innovation,and the spread of cotton agriculture in the Old World

Recent excavations at the site of Kara-tepe in northwestern Uzbekistan revealed evidence for the production of cotton (Gossypium sp.) in domestic contexts dated to ca. 300–500 AD. These archaeobotanical remains help to document the spread of Old World cotton production, and predate the existing evidence for its cultivation in Central Asia. The context in which these remains were found—in temperate Eurasia at a time of intense environmental and social change—suggests that the spread of cotton agriculture to this region occurred when new plant varieties were incorporated into domestic production regimes as part of local adaptive strategies. The development and transmission of cotton as a global cultigen was initiated by these small-scale innovations aimed at the expansion of economically and environmentally sustainable subsistence practices in Central Asia. Subsequent worldwide transmission occurred when emerging empires helped to spread cotton agriculture more widely across the Old World.