部落联盟模式、酋邦模式与对外战争问题

在近些年中国国家与文明起源问题的讨论中,谢维扬教授的国家起源理论产生了重要的影响。它的基本框架是,在人类社会早期国家的产生道路上,有部落联盟和酋邦两种模式。通过前者产生出来的国家,政治特征具有民主的性质,如雅典和罗马。通过后者产生出来的国家,政治制度则是专制性质的,如中国、阿兹特克、印加和祖鲁。这是由于,部落联盟制度从本质上看,是一种民主的、平等的、无个人性质权力点的制度,     

中华人民共和国政治体制的历史考察

政治体制和政治制度,是两个既相联系又有区别的概念。政治制度包括基本政治制度和具体政治制度两大部分。基本政治制度是对国家政权性质和根本组织形式的规定,具有相对的稳定性。政治体制是在既定的基本政治制度范围内,关于国家立法、司法、行政等政治权力的配置状况和相互关系,以及政党制度、国家公务员制度、选举制度、公民权力、群众利益和公共舆论等在国家政     

《中国政治制度史》出版

由著名教授韦庆远担任主编、中国人民大学档案学院中国政治制度史教研室编写的《中国政治制度史》一书,已由中国人民大学出版社出版,并被国家教委指定为高等学校文科教材。该书系统研究了中国国家制度产生、发展和演变的历史,研究了各个时期各级国家机关的组织结构形式,职、权、责、利的划分和运用,各个时期总的国家体制以及行政、立法、司法、军事、监察、人事、财政、文教、民族等方面的典章制度的形成和执行情况,探讨了政治制度对社会发展的影响和在当时政治生活中所起的作用,并据此做出了符     

19世纪欧洲强国的军队模式改革与公民军队的建立

军队的模式必须与国家的政治理念和政治制度相吻合。一旦后者发生革命性的变化,前者亦必将随之而发生变革。雇佣军和公民军队是欧洲近代以来出现的两种军队模式。这两类军队对应的是不同的政治制度,体现的是不同的政治理念。雇佣军对应的是绝对君主制,体现的是君权神授、绝对主义等政治理念;公民军队对应的是人民主权国家,体现的是主权在民、自由主义等政治理念。随着1789年法国大革命和拿破仑战争的爆发,欧洲绝对君主制国家趋于没落,人民主权国家逐渐兴起,欧洲的军队模式亦由雇佣军转向公民军队。     

二十世纪的中国政治制度史研究

政治制度是人类社会一定发展阶段的产物,具有一种表面上凌驾于社会之上的力量。它从社会中产生,但又自居于社会之上。换句话说,政治制度寓国家本质与形式于一体,是国体与政体的总和。而政治制度史,则是研究国体与政体的起源、形式及演变规律的科学。 中国作为一个有5000年文明史的统一多民族国家,历代关于政府制度和官制的著录与考索不绝于书,但是,把中国政治制度史作为一门科学来研究,却是近代西方资     

罗马共和国为何始终是贵族专政

所谓“共和政体”,系指国家代表机关和国家元首由选举产生的一种政治制度。由于早期罗马是实行这种政体的国家,故叫罗马共和国。按照传统的说法,罗马共和国建立于公元前509年,在这一年,贵族领导人民废除了“王政”,从此,每年由森都利亚大会选出两名执政官治理国家。执政官必须由贵族中选出,由于任期短,权力有限,两人又彼此牵制,实际上并非国家的最高统治者。真正的决策     

新中国民族区域自治制度法制化的基本历程

作为解决民族问题的"中国模式",民族区域自治是我国的一项特殊的政治制度,也是我国政治文明建设的重要组成部分。在中国共产党的领导下,民族区域自治一步步走向完善,并成为当前我国三大基本政治制度之一。新中国成立以来,国家相继出台了《民族区域自治实施纲要》、《民族区域自治法》等一系列法律法规,民族区域自治一步步走向规范化、法制化。     

浅析英国1832年议会改革

英国是世界上第一个走向现代化的国家,在建立现代政治制度的过程中,英国的历史发展走了一条和平、渐进的道路。议会改革是现代政治制度的重要方面。英国1832年的议会改革具有与时俱进的鲜明特色,反映了英国社会变革的基本特征。英国的改革模式与和平发展之路非常具有典型性,它说明政治制度的变革完全可以用非暴力的手段进行。     

《现代中国政府》评介

由吉林文史出版社出版、陈瑞云教授所著的《现代中国政府》(1919——1949),对中国现代史三十年间各个不同历史时期内同时并存又互相对峙与对立的两个政府、两种政治制度的产生、发展、兴革、变迁或消失等问题进行了深入地探讨和研究,反映了中国现代政治制度史方面的最新成果,是一部颇具特色的开拓性力作。首先,构思新颖,填补空白。中国政治制度史尤其是中国现代政治制度史的研究多年来     

日本古代国家形成史研究中的几个问题

古代国家形成的基本前提至少有两点:一是古代国家都是建立在已拥有相当规模的生产性经济的社会之上的。二是古代国家是从社会资源被不平等占有的社会中产生的,从这个意义上讲,古代国家就是一种在必要时用强制力维护对于基本资源的不平等占有的政治组织。本文讨论了日本古代国家形成史上的几个问题,如中国正史中提到的弥生时代"百余国"的性质、原始官制的产生、中国王朝与邪马台国倭女王的关系、4世纪以后的西日本统一王国、古代日本律令制国家的政体性质等。本文指出,日本古代国家是相对独立地由生活在日本列岛上的人们建立起来的;日本古代国家是在东亚世界历史发展的大背景下形成的,外部因素对日本国家的形成起了极大的作用;与东亚大陆上的原生国家相比,日本古代国家的形成过程是很短暂的。     

War and Revolution: Friedrich Engels as a Military and Political Thinker

This article explores the link between political and military strategy and tactics in the work of Friedrich Engels. Though widely praised for his understanding of military affairs, Engels’ interlocutors have tended to be dismissive of his political works. By exploring his politics through the lens of his military writings this article challenges the view that Engels was a mechanical materialist and political fatalist thinker. It argues that his military writings cannot be understood apart from his political works, and that, whatever the historical limitations of the specific conclusions to which he came, his method in these writings illuminate his profound grasp of the relationship between strategy and tactics at both the military and political levels.     

Subjectivity and representation in descartes: The origins of modernity

Although ‘Burke and Irish history’ is a theme which has long been known to modern commentators, it has not necessarily been addressed sufficiently. This essay seeks to put forward a more comprehensive account of Burke's views on Irish history than has previously been offered by scholars. According to Burke, the protection of Christianity had brought flourishing science to seventh- and eighth-century Ireland. Nevertheless, the nation was plunged into a barbarous state after the invasions of the Danes and other northern tribes. Burke's sympathy with the Brehon law was possibly unique, although he was not uncritical of it. Unlike the Irish patriots, his chief concern with historical Ireland was not the origins of the Irish legislature. He was rather most interested in the religious affairs which had continued to plague the nation during history. Throughout his career, Burke considered the Irish Rebellion of 1641 to have been ‘provoked’, and continuously endeavoured to remove the penal laws imposed on the Roman Catholics after the Williamite Conquest of 1689–1691. In his view, despite the substantial increase in prosperity after 1688/9, the series of religious persecutions, as well as other oppressive policies, had still obstructed the further progress of Irish society.     

Shakespeare as a method. Carl Schmitt’s reading of Othello and Hamlet

While in the 1960s Allan Bloom suggested to read William Shakespeare’s works through the prism of political philosophy, a decade earlier Carl Schmitt used the works of English poet in a reverse way: he read political philosophy and history through Shakespeare. Deprived – under the influence of Leo Strauss – from the possibility of considering Thomas Hobbes a decisionist thinker, Schmitt in his ‘Hamlet or Hecuba’ used Shakespeare’s most famous work to interpret origins of disappearance of the state of emergency from English soil. Shakespeare was seen by Schmitt as a writer who captured the Sixteenth and seventeenth century changes in thinking about sovereignty and the state. Interestingly, Schmitt did not use Shakespeare as method for the first time: in first decades of twentieth century, in his diary, he made ‘Othello’ a prism through which he read his love life. Because the author of ‘The Concept of the Political’ is one of the less methodologically cohesive writers of twentieth century, his usage of Shakespeare twice, in different circumstances, is interesting. In an article, author links ‘Hamlet or Hecuba’ with Schmitt’s geopolitical works and presents Shakespeare’s works as the coherent method of interpretation in Schmitt’s philosophy of decisionism.     

James E Byrnes and the Politics of Segregation

Born in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1934, Thomas S. Morgan received his B.A. from Davidson College, his M.A. from Duke University, and his Ph.D. from UNC-Chapel Hill. He taught in high school in Baltimore, Maryland, and at Wake Forest University, and UNC-Chapel Hill, prior to coming to to Winthrop University where he has remained for the past 27 years. From 1978 to 1981 he was dean of Winthrop's College of Arts and Sciences. Morgan and his wife, Nancy, are parents of three sons. In addition, to publishing some scholarly articles, Morgan wrote the Study Guide for George Tindall's America: A Narrative History in its various editions. In 1972 he served as chair of the membership committee of the Southern Historical Association. Morgan served as president of Phi Alpha Theta from 1991 to 1993, presiding over the final years of service of Don Hoffman, the organization's secretary-treasurer, and the selection of Hoffman's replacement, Jack Tunstall. In April 1994, Morgan received an award for his "Outstanding Service and Exceptional Dedication" as Phi Alpha Theta president. This article is a modified version of his 1993 presidential address.     

The Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario

Iroquoians become recognizable in the archaeological record of southern Ontario about A.D. 500, with the appearance of Princess Point sites and maize agriculture in the lower Grand River valley. After A.D. 1000, Iroquoians lived in longhouse villages situated in the interior, north of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and the St. Lawrence River. This synthesis of the Iroquoian occupation of southern Ontario prior to European contact focuses on origins, settlement patterns, demography, subsistence, and sociopolitical organization. It highlights the significant contributions to Iroquoian archaeology that have been made by government and private consulting archaeologists over the last two decades.     

Aspects of continuity and change in the Italian placitum, 962-72

In the preface to his liturgical calendar The reckoning of the course of the stars Bishop Gregory of Tours (538–594) — author also of Ten books of histories and Eight books of miracles as well as of a Commentary on the understanding of the Psalter (of which, however, only fragments are preserved) — declares God's “wonders” of the natural world to be superior to the seven ancient wonders of the world. The reason for this is that the latter, being works of men, are subject to decay and destruction, while the former, as miraculous works of God, are divinely sustained and renewed daily or annually, thereby becoming imperishable. An examination of the associative contexts in which two of these wonders — the sea (enlarged to include water in its various forms) and plant life — occur in the rest of Gregory's works reveals several essential themes of his thinking not only about nature, but also about God, man and society. Thought, for him, nature as a (divinely sustained) system of regularities does exist as a kind of backdrop, sudden unpredictable divine — and sometimes diabolic — action in and through phenomena occupies the center of the stage. Gregory tends to see this action in the shape of what he regards as pre-existing images or patterns of invisible spiritual truth, to which the visible, even material, structure of events must necessarily conform. He shows, too, how this action could reflect as well as meet various needs of the individual and of society as a whole. An association which recurs almost constantly in his treatment of divine action in these natural phenomena, which he sometimes describes as analogous to that in man, is precisely that with the cluster of closely related concepts of renewal, rebirth and creation ex nihilo. Together with what appears as an extreme, as it were ‘poetical’, sensitivity to sudden perceptions and intuitions, something like a longing for and surrender to what he describes as “astonished admiration” may have helped to make possible his recognition of that which he designated as divine creative power in the world of visible reality as well as in man's inner experience. His seeing this as an essential dynamic of the holy may mean that he felt it to be a fundamental need and concern not only of the individual personality but also, more obscurely, of the society in which he found himself.     

部落与民族主义的竞逐——1953年法国在摩洛哥的政变与格拉维部落的兴衰

部落构成了中东社会生活的一个重要层面,是理解中东国家必不可少的视角。1953年,法国在摩洛哥发动政变,废黜了支持民族主义力量的苏丹穆罕默德五世。格拉维部落在此期间经历了兴衰起落。此次政变集中反映了摩洛哥国内部落和民族主义力量对国家政权的竞逐,是观察中东地区部落和国家间复杂逻辑关系的典型个案。摩洛哥传统势力的代表格拉维部落与国家间关系表现出复杂形态:部落利用国家力量实现崛起,部落对抗民族主义力量发动政变企图控制国家,最后部落被国家抛弃而衰落。在部落和民族主义竞逐国家政权的过程中,法国殖民者成为二者沉浮的决定性因素和制衡力量。由于部落对国家认同的脆弱性,殖民主义政权得以通过玩弄部落认同对殖民地进行分而治之。     

Practices of photography on kibbutz: The case of Eliezer Sklarz

This article explores how socialist egalitarian ideology affected forms of documentation on the kibbutz in Israel, by examining its practices of photography. The study analyzes the work of one photographer, Eliezer Sklarz, and his role and function in the community, focusing on the visual content and style of his work. The article also describes the role of the kibbutz archive in promoting his work and in constructing kibbutz identity through its photographic archive, as a mechanism for creating Zionist kibbutz historiography. The study addresses the conflicted approach of kibbutz society towards photography: promoting documentation through the function of the archive on the one hand, while maintaining a dismissive role towards photography as a highbrow, middle-class practice, on the other.     

The spring,the seed and the tree: Gregory of Tours on the wonders of nature

In the preface to his liturgical calendar The reckoning of the course of the stars Bishop Gregory of Tours (538–594) — author also of Ten books of histories and Eight books of miracles as well as of a Commentary on the understanding of the Psalter (of which, however, only fragments are preserved) — declares God's “wonders” of the natural world to be superior to the seven ancient wonders of the world. The reason for this is that the latter, being works of men, are subject to decay and destruction, while the former, as miraculous works of God, are divinely sustained and renewed daily or annually, thereby becoming imperishable. An examination of the associative contexts in which two of these wonders — the sea (enlarged to include water in its various forms) and plant life — occur in the rest of Gregory's works reveals several essential themes of his thinking not only about nature, but also about God, man and society. Thought, for him, nature as a (divinely sustained) system of regularities does exist as a kind of backdrop, sudden unpredictable divine — and sometimes diabolic — action in and through phenomena occupies the center of the stage. Gregory tends to see this action in the shape of what he regards as pre-existing images or patterns of invisible spiritual truth, to which the visible, even material, structure of events must necessarily conform. He shows, too, how this action could reflect as well as meet various needs of the individual and of society as a whole. An association which recurs almost constantly in his treatment of divine action in these natural phenomena, which he sometimes describes as analogous to that in man, is precisely that with the cluster of closely related concepts of renewal, rebirth and creation ex nihilo. Together with what appears as an extreme, as it were ‘poetical’, sensitivity to sudden perceptions and intuitions, something like a longing for and surrender to what he describes as “astonished admiration” may have helped to make possible his recognition of that which he designated as divine creative power in the world of visible reality as well as in man's inner experience. His seeing this as an essential dynamic of the holy may mean that he felt it to be a fundamental need and concern not only of the individual personality but also, more obscurely, of the society in which he found himself.     

惠栋荀学思想刍议--以《荀子微言》为中心的考察

惠栋是乾嘉汉学吴派宗主,经学熟洽,著述等身.《荀子微言》是他的一部重要荀学著作,也是汉学家专治《荀子》的肇始之作.惠栋节选《荀子》篇章,作案语阐述微言.他以《易》理解《荀》义,以"绘事后素"释"礼后",由"尊儒"论重"师法",由辨"危、微、精、一"以驳程朱,均透露出松崖的学术旨趣,体现了《荀子微言》真正"微言"之所在.在《松崖笔记》、《九矅斋笔记》、《易微言》、《九经古义》等著作中,惠栋多处论及《荀子》,反映其"尊荀"思想.在清代中叶的荀学复兴运动中,惠栋占有重要一席.