中国大运河扬州段的遗产申报、遗产旅游与价值感知三者关系的实证检验

申报世界遗产的目的是为了推动遗产保护及价值传播,遗产旅游则被认为是实现公众认识遗产内涵价值的有效方式,但当前对于世界遗产申报与遗产旅游、公众感知的相关性鲜有定量研究。基于659份对大运河扬州段游客及居民发放的调查问卷,建构遗产申报(World Heritage Declaration)、遗产旅游(World Heritage Tourism)与价值感知(World Heritage Value Perception)三者间关系的DTV理论模型,通过定量分析探讨其中的关系,结果显示,申报世界遗产期间较好地实现了大运河遗产价值的发掘、保存与推广,但长期来看入遗对运河遗产旅游热度的提升并不显著;民众对于运河遗产价值的认识主要源于申遗期间的宣传,对遗产价值内涵的认识有限,感知深度尚显不足。如何将运河申遗成果转化为可持续的城市解读素材,是应受到重视的问题。     

不可移动文物的分析框架

本文在研究ICOMOS(国际古迹遗址理事会)关于世界遗产的分析报告的基础上,观察报告提出之后"世界遗产名录(World Heritage List)"的变化,对中国的世界遗产(包括文化遗产及文化和自然混合遗产)分别进行类型学框架、时间顺序-区域框架及主题框架的分析,指出中国在普查和保护不可移动文物时应特别重视三个框架的应用及分析。     

中国语境下的“工业遗产”概念内涵刍议——兼议中日对Industrial Heritage的不同译介

工业遗产作为近代工业文明的产物,是人类文化遗产的重要组成部分。中国和日本同为亚洲的工业遗产大国,却分别将西方的学术概念Industrial Heritage对译为“工业遗产”和“产业遗产”,但“工业”和“产业”两词的内涵和外延其实是有所不同的。针对这一问题,以中日两国对Industrial Heritage的不同对译来透视两国的工业遗产保护实践,在理论上辨析“工业遗产”与“产业遗产”的实质性差异,相比之下“,产业遗产”的概念更符合国际对Industrial Heritage的理性认知和保护实践,也有助于我们拓展工业遗产保护和发展的新空间,进而深化国内外文化交流与合作,展示中华文明,增强文化自信。     

如何看待空间技术在世界遗产保护中的应用

世界遗产现状及面临的威胁 世界遗产是人类罕见的、无法替代的财富,是全人类公认的具有突出意义和普遍价值的文物古迹及自然景观,是了解我们居住地球的演化历史、认识人类自身进化发展、理解不同民族的习俗文化的＂物证＂。截至2012年7月,共有962项遗产列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录,其中文化遗产745项,自然遗产188项,文化与自然双遗产29项,分布在157个国家。     

“文化遗产”析义

“文化遗产”作为先人遗留的文化财产的指称,本是西方人首先使用的术语．因联合国教科文组织采用于文件并在1972年的第17届大会上通过了《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》（简称《世界遗产公约》）而为世界各国接受。国人普遍使用这一术语,则始于我国参加《世界遗产公约》而成为公约缔约国之一的1985年。我国从此积极参与世界遗产保护事业,同时也越来越重视和加强本国文化遗产的保护。     

构建遗产廊道线性文化遗产的整体化保护

遗产廊道（Heritage Corridor）是一种线性的遗产区域,它把文化意义提到首位,对于遗产的保护主要采用区域而非局部点的观点,同时又是自然、经济、历史文化等多目标的综合体系。这是盛行于美国的一种集遗产与生态保护、经济发展、休闲游憩等于一体的保护与发展战略,一种行之有效的资源保护与利用及区域复兴平台。     

国际趋势与地方应对 亚太遗产中心将在中国开展“世界遗产可持续旅游”试点项目

<正>2010年,在巴西第34届世界遗产大会上,世界遗产委员会强调旅游对世界遗产既是机遇又是挑战,由此决定"要求世界遗产中心发展有关世界遗产和可持续旅游的新项目,并召集感兴趣的缔约国和利益相关方组成指导委员会,要求世界遗产中心阐明项目的目标及其实施方法"。2012年,世界遗产委员会第36届大会正式通过了世界遗产与可持续旅游项目(World Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Programme,以下简称"WH+ST"),并将其纳入2012—2022年实施世界遗产公约战略行动计划(WHC-11/18.GA/11),由世界遗产中心协调在全球开展。2009年在甘肃莫高窟举行了"促进自然和文化遗产的可持续旅游"国际会议(简称"莫高会议"),"莫高会     

文化景观 在争议中影响人类实践的遗产认知

“文化景观”作为特殊类型的文化财产,从1992年至今,保护实践仅有20年,其保护理念和实践的特殊性仍在认知和阐释的过程中。2008年版的《实施世界遗产公约操作指南》中将“文化景观”与历史城镇和城镇中心、运河和文化线路列为“特殊的遗产类型”（specifictypesofproperties）,建议采用特殊导则以帮助上述遗产类型的评估。     

“文化-自然之旅”——世界遗产保护与管理的新思潮

《保护世界文化与自然遗产公约》自1972年颁布以来一直在不断融入新的理念和打造更加包容的世界遗产管理及评估体系。但《实施世界遗产公约操作指南》评定世界遗产的十条标准却造成文化遗产和自然遗产的二元分离。2013年,国际古迹遗址理事会和世界自然保护联盟实施"联合实践"计划,并在2016年开展"文化-自然之旅"项目,其意义在于,在合作中打破现有的标准和既定规则,从不同的地区、国家和社区中探寻文化和自然之间的相互作用,得出新的创意和理念以充实《世界遗产公约》及其《操作指南》。采用访谈分析法总结了五位国际上的世界遗产行业主席和权威专家的主要观点,指出"文化-自然之旅"项目的研究重点是关注"人",而非传统的以"物"为中心,研究不同文化背景的"人"如何在当地的语境下表达对文化与自然认知观念;让全球不同背景的遗产管理者在管理过程中能够充分考虑文化和自然价值,以及两者之间的价值是怎样通过"人"(居民、游客和遗产管理者)联系起来。我国的遗产保护行政管理部门、学者和从业人员应抓住"文化-自然之旅"项目的机遇,在国际框架中,融入我国的文化核心价值和在世界遗产实践中的良好管理方法。     

崀山 让世界叫好的斯芬克斯之谜

2010年8月2日凌晨5时06分,巴西首都巴西利亚举行的第34届世界遗产大会上传来喜讯：联合国世界遗产委员会（WHC）在第34届世界遗产大会上一致通过了湖南崀山、广东丹霞山、贵州赤水、福建泰宁、江西龙虎山、浙江江郎山＂捆绑＂申报的＂中国丹霞＂为世界自然遗产,湖南崀山正式成为世界自然遗产地。     

遗产学视角下的“遗产”讨论

遗产学或遗产旅游学的"遗产"名称来源于一般生活常规的"遗产"名称,实物形态为财产,两者之间既有相同及重迭的部分,又有不同的特征。遗产学或遗产旅游学并不仅仅着眼于其权属、经济价值和使用价值,而是着眼于遗产的历史、艺术、科学和审美等文化价值,关注遗产的保护和传承,从不同的视角和标准可对遗产作不同的分级和分类。遗产学专家的长期论证表明,"遗产"一词较为贴近遗产学或遗产旅游学学科的特点和研究的对象。     

Reflecting on heritage and power: dynamics,strategies and appropriations in the Catalan Pyrenees and the French Alps

In this article we will explore the way in which different agents appropriate and use heritage to compete in specific power scenarios. We approach heritage discourses and practices as defining specific political arenas within which power relations are reconfigured. The protection of spaces and places as well as the processes of patrimonialisation that take place inside specific localities give rise to the emergence of new ways of exercising power. We will examine two ethnographic cases from South European mountain areas: the Parc National des Écrins in the French Alps and a Romanesque church in the Catalan Pyrenees. An analysis of both the protected area and the constructed heritage will enable us to focus on heritage as being produced, identified and valued within specific logics and value systems. We examine the dynamics that heritage and heritage policies produce in each context as well as the interest they promote. Heritage both organises different fields of forces and is appropriated by politicians, experts, and economic actors. We will discuss the entanglements, forces and dynamics that are activated and played out as a result of heritage processes in the larger process of contemporary political transformations.     

Book reviews

Abstract

This paper explores the decision-making process for heritage management at the monastic community of Mount Athos, a World Heritage Site in Northern Greece, in relation to the concept of living religious heritage and the pursuit to balance the heritage values of both the experts (heritage professionals) and the non-experts. The function and impact of a specific heritage agency — KEDAK (Centre for the Preservation of Athonite Heritage) — designed to establish the decision-making power of the Athonite monasteries will be critically discussed. A range of interesting compromising solutions and some challenges and problems raised by the function of this agency will serve as the background for examining the extent to which different perceptions on heritage management can coexist, particularly when heritage professionals find themselves on the bottom of a top-down decision-making process.     

Networked practices of intangible urban heritage: the changing public role of Dutch heritage professionals

This study examines the changing roles of heritage professionals by focusing on the participatory practices of intangible urban heritage. Developments towards democratisation in the heritage sector led to a growing expectation that heritage professionals would work with local publics. This democratisation is manifested in (1) the use of digital media for grassroots heritage practices, (2) the broader scope of what is defined as heritage, and (3) a focus on communities in UNESCO’s Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Heritage professionals are thus challenged to develop inclusive heritage practices, particularly in cities, which are characterised by a dynamic nature and cultural diversity. In this article, I analyse how urban heritage organisations and professionals have responded to these developments. Drawing on interviews and a qualitative content analysis of these organisations’ policy documents, I examine the ways in which heritage professionals reconsider their public role through what I define as networked practices of intangible heritage. This concept captures the networked structure in which heritage professionals increasingly work, and also demonstrates how heritage is given meaning through public practices that take place in both the physical and virtual realms of contemporary cities.     

THE ROLT MEMORIAL LECTURE 2012: INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE AT RISK

Abstract

This article describes the 2011 English Heritage ‘Industrial Heritage at Risk’ project. Having examined the findings of a public attitudes survey on the industrial heritage, it looks at the key risks and conservation solutions facing industrial sites, and the role the lead organisations play in their rescue. The entries on the Heritage at Risk Register are examined and the top ten industrial heritage at risk sites in England identified. A range of outputs are described together with the media coverage that accompanied the launch of the project.

Progress since 2011 is considered including the separation in April 2015 of English Heritage into two organisations — Historic England and the English Heritage Trust. The important role that volunteers and local groups play in the conservation and management of England's industrial heritage is acknowledged throughout, and a possible new role for the Association for Industrial Archaeology suggested as part of Heritage 2020.     

中国国家线性文化遗产网络构建

全球化与快速城市化背景下,中华大地上的文化遗产受到了前所未有的威胁与破坏,特别是在国家历史上对维护国家政治稳定、经济发展、社会进步与文化交流发挥过重要作用的线性文化遗产亟待引起重视并得到系统保护。本文着重探讨了国家线性文化遗产网络的构建途径。通过将文献研究与专家问卷德尔斐法相结合,判别出了由19个线性文化遗产约250,000km线性要素所构成的国家线性文化遗产网络。以期在国土尺度上建立一个集生态与文化保护、休闲游憩、审美启智与教育等多功能为一体的线性文化遗产网络,在中华大地上形成一个彰显民族身份、延续历史文脉、保障人地关系和谐的文化"安全格局"。     

国外遗产旅游与遗产管理研究--综述与启示

遗产旅游与遗产管理是国外旅游研究领域的热点之一。本文从文献综述的角度对遗产与遗产旅游的起源、发展进行了阐述，并进一步就遗产旅游与遗产管理研究的主要内容进行了总结，然后在此基础上探讨了国外遗产旅游与遗产管理对我国遗产旅游与遗产管理研究的启示。     

Hands-On Heritage! Establishing Soft Authority over Heritage through Architectural Experiment: A Case Study from Jordan

This study identifies ‘heritage as practice’ as an alternative to ‘authorized’ heritage engagement. Heritage, in this sense, is perceived as a source of inspiration and creativity rather than just an asset to be preserved. ‘Heritage as practice’ is informed by the conventional identification and evaluation of heritage, coupled with the architectural and artistic instincts, capacities, creativity, and commitment found in the field of architecture, to interpret heritage. We label the work produced out of this practice as ‘creative material’ that is subjected to further re-creation when it is used as a platform for community engagement. We examine the mechanisms of these engagements through an academic experiment in which architecture students were asked to analyze the representations of the local heritage site of Umm el-Jimal, Jordan. We argue that shifting from ‘authorized’ engagement to informed ‘instinctual’ one gives the students a soft authority over heritage. However, it is the capacity to creatively engage with and about heritage, and use this to continuously and creatively interpret heritage, that makes this authority valid and just.     

Heritage designation and scale: a World Heritage case study of the Ningaloo Coast

As heritage research has engaged with a greater plurality of heritage practices, scale has emerged as an important concept in Heritage Studies, albeit relatively narrowly defined as hierarchical levels (household, local, national, etcetera). This paper argues for a definition of scale in heritage research that incorporates size (geographical scale), level (vertical scale) and relation (an understanding that scale is constituted through dynamic relationships in specific contexts). The paper utilises this definition of scale to analyse heritage designation first through consideration of changing World Heritage processes, and then through a case study of the world heritage designation of the Ningaloo Coast region in Western Australia. Three key findings are: both scale and heritage gain appeal because they are abstractions, and gain definition through the spatial politics of interrelationships within specific situations; the spatial politics of heritage designation comes into focus through attention to those configurations of size, level and relation that are invoked and enabled in heritage processes; and researchers choice to analyse or ignore particular scales and scalar politics are political decisions. Utilising scale as size, level and relation enables analyses that move beyond heritage to the spatial politics through which all heritage is constituted.