20世纪60年代中加小麦贸易对中国的重要意义

1960年中国首次从加拿大进口粮食度荒,并由此改变此前的粮食自给自足现状。中 加小麦贸易不仅可以巩固粮食安全、促进农业改革,也可使中国重返加拿大与西方市场,使外贸渠 道多样化,同时还促进了中加建交、打破美国的封锁孤立政策。     

论20世纪60年代中加小麦贸易的重要意义

开始于 1 96 0年的中加小麦贸易起因于三年困难时期 ,最初并未做长期打算 ,仅为能度过饥荒 ,但不久却变为长期贸易。这是周恩来提出的“以贸易为触角 ,先开展贸易关系 ,进一步发展外交关系”的思想的运用。以小麦贸易促进两国恢复正常贸易 ,并进而促进了政治关系的缓和 ,最终实现建交。在中加小麦贸易的过程中 ,周恩来还利用小麦贸易以及中加关系的改善来促进缓和中美关系 ,特别是利用小麦贸易中与加拿大前农业部长阿尔文·汉密尔顿建立起来的友好关系 ,请他来调解中美关系 ,不仅促进了中美贸易的恢复 ,也促使中国重返西方贸易市场。因此 ,中加粮食贸易对中国无论是政治或经济意义都很重大。     

Bad Language and BBC Radio Four in the 1960s and 1970s

In the late 1960s and early 1970s there was a new intensityto complaints from listeners to BBC Radio about the strong languagethey heard on the air. There had long been a public expectationthat the BBC had some form of ‘guardianship’ overthe English language, but there was also now a desire from manyproducers within the BBC to reflect contemporary society moreclosely than it had done in the past, and the use of demoticspeech in dramas and documentaries was one dimension of thischange. Such a desire was part of a broader move towards ‘decensorship’in literature, film, theatre, and popular mores in Britain inthis period. The tension this caused between broadcasters andlisteners was especially acute on Radio Four—the main‘broad brow’ speech network of BBC Radio, and onecharacterized by a fiercely conservative audience. Through previouslyunpublished records of its internal discussions between c.1968and c.1979, this article explores the response of the BBC tolisteners’ complaints and press coverage about swearing.It suggests that BBC Radio reacted strongly to audience concern,but that wider anxiety about the reputation of the BBC as awhole also affected decisions over language. In so doing, itillustrates a previously neglected dimension to the BBC's taskof negotiating a precarious consensus on matters of taste anddecency.     

20世纪五六十年代中国史学的基本走向

20世纪已经结束了。 2 0世纪的中国发生了天翻地覆的巨大变化。2 0世纪的中国史学同样经历了急剧的演变。在跨入新世纪的时刻 ,为了更好地推动中国史学的发展 ,我们很有必要认真地总结和反思它在 2 0世纪的发展。大家都承认 ,2 0世纪的中国史学取得了重大的成就 ,同时也存在许多问题。在学界中对这些成就和问题至今存在着不同的看法 ,这本是很正常的现象。重要的是 ,我们应该通过不同意见的交流和切磋来加深我们的认识 ,更好地进行总结和反思 ,从而促使我国的史学在新世纪发展得更快更健康。这就是本刊举办这次学术讨论的目的。应该说明的是 :一 ,这次学术讨论的题目和范围是 2 0世纪中国史学的发展 ,重点是 1 94 9年新中国成立以后。二 ,讨论的重点是对 2 0世纪的中国史学或其中的某个阶段 ,或某个学派 ,某个学术思潮 ,某个史学分支 ,某个重大专题 ,某个史学领域 ,某种重要现象等从总体上进行观察和评述。一般不对某个具体学者进行讨论和评述。三 ,讨论必须坚持“百花齐放 ,百家争鸣”的方针。欢迎发表各种不同意见 ,进行平等的讨论。四 ,讨论中的任何意见均不代表编辑部的看法。文责均由作者自负。     

20世纪五六十年代《大公报》的改组与转型

新中国成立后,《大公报》之所以能够成为新中国财经战线的机关报,与它作为民办报纸的影响力有关,与它政治立场的适时转变有关,与它对于资本主义的了解、对于国际问题报道的熟捻有关。《大公报》的成功改组和转型,反映了中共对于优秀文化资产改造和利用的有效性,有成功的经验和可资吸取的教训。     

陈云与20世纪60年代初的农业恢复

三年“大跃进”给中国经济特别是农村经济带来了一场浩劫。20世纪60年代初,“大跃进”运动结束后,农村人口的非正常死亡还在发生,农业生产降到1949年以来的最低点,农村一片凋敝。面对如此惨重的灾难,陈云以实事求是的态度和对党对人民高度负责的精神,力挽狂澜,大显身手,提出了切实可行的措施,对缓解饥荒、摆脱农村困境以及恢复农村经济作出了重大贡献。     

The PCI,reforms and welfare between the 1960s and 1970s

This article deals with the question of the relationship between the Italian Communist Party (PCI), the strategy of ‘riforme di struttura’ and reforms in Italy between the 1960s and 1970s, with particular reference to the construction of a modern welfare system. The goal of a universal social security system was set by the PCI from at least 1956. Later, the dialectic with the centre-left governments induced the Communists to strengthen and articulate their proposals on welfare, linking them to the overall design of an advanced democratization of the state and society. In the 1970s, and in particular during the ‘solidarietà democratica’, various proposals made by the Communist Party and the CGIL (Italian General Confederation of Labour) in previous years finally became law, beginning with the establishment of the National Health Service organized into local health units. The Communist Party insisted on performance quality rather than quantity. However, the welfare state is now suffering difficulties throughout the Western world.     

The economic transformation of Malta in the 1960s

AFRICA

Africa in Transition: Geographical Essays. Edited by B. W. Hodder and D. R. Harris. 9 × 5 ¾. Pp. XII + 378. 41 figs. London, Methuen, 1967. 50s.

Libya. By Helmuth Kanter. Geomedical Monograph Series 1. 12 × 8 ½. Text (German and English) plates and 17 maps. Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: 1967. $12.00.

South West Africa and its Human Issues. By J. H. Wellington. 8 ¾ × 5 ¾. 452 pp. Plates, figures. Oxford U. Press, 1967, 84s.

AUSTRALIA

Australia's North‐West. Alex Kerr, 9 ¾ × 6 ¾. 439 pp. 19 figs. 71 tables. University of Western Australia Press, 1967. $8.00.

GEOMORPHOLOGY

Recherches de Geomorphologie en Ecosse du Nord‐ouest. By A. Godard. 10 ½ × 8 ¼. Pp. 685. 180 maps and diagrams, 7 folding maps. 63 photographs. Publications de la Faculté des Lettres de l'Université de Strasbourg, 1965. £7 17s.

Processes of Coastal Development. By V. P. Zenkovitch. Edited by J. A. Steers. Edinburgh: Oliver &; Boyd, 1967. 12 gns.

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

Readings in Economic Geography. Edited by Howard G. Roepke. 10 ¼ × 7 ¼. John Wiley, 1967. 56s.

Agricultural Geography. By Leslie Symons. 8 ¾ + 5 ¾. Bell, London, 1967, 30s.

Early Crop Production in the British Isles. Memoir No. 9, Symposia in Agricultural Meteorology, edited by J. A. Taylor. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, 1966.

Quantitative Geography. Part 1 Economic and Cultural Topics. Edited by W. L. Garrison and D. F. Marble. North Western University Studies in Geography No. 13. 9 × 6. 287 pages. Evanston, Illinois, 1967. $3.75.

The Geographer and Urban Studies. By David Thorpe. 10 × 8. 24 pp. + appendix. 9 figures. University of Durham, Department of Geography Occasional Papers, No. 8. 1966. 2s.

GENERAL

Models in Geography. Edited by R. J. Chorley and P. Haggett. 9 ½ × 6 ½. Methuen, 1967. £6.

CARTOGRAPHY and SURVEY

International Yearbook of Cartography. Vol. VI, 1966. Edited by Prof. Ed. Imhof. 9 ¾ × 6 ¾. G. Philip &; Son, Ltd., London, 1966. 52/6d.

Original Survey and Land Subdivision. By Norman J. W. Thrower. 8 ½ × 5 ½. Pp. xxi + 160. Chicago: Association of American Geographers, 1966.

DISCOVERY

The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Exploration. American Geographical Society Publication No. 38. 10 × 8. 457 pp. Maps and plates. Edited by Herman R. Friis. New York, 1967.

EDUCATIONAL

A Sample Geography of Great Britain. E. R. Burrell and J. Hancock. 7 ¼ × 9 ½. 176 pp. 143 maps, diagrams, tables. I.L.U.S. map. 6 O.S. maps. 4 end cover maps. Methuen Co. Ltd. Price 21s.

Africa. By Ronald Miller. 8 ½ × 5 ¾. 272 pp. 61 figures. 68 plates. Index. Nelson's Geography Texts. 1967. 15s.

General Geography Part I. By G. M. Chapman. 7 × 9. 182 pp. Index. G. Bell &; Sons Ltd. 1967. 17/6d.

General Geography. By H. R. Cain and F. J. Monkhouse. 6 ½ × 8. 216 pp. Index. Book I of Longman's Graded Geographies. 1967. 12/6d.

Sketch Map Geographies. Bk. 2. British Isles. By P. Speak and A. H. C. Carter. 7 ¼ × 9 ¾. Longman's 1967. (Limp Cover 7/‐.)

North America and Asia including U.S.S.R. By R. C. Honeybone and N. J. Graves. 8 × 5 ¼. 446 pp. Index. Heinemann. Geography for Schools. Bk. 3. 18s. (North America is published separately at 12s. 6d.). 1966.

A Geography of New Zealand. By E. J. Baggaley. 4 ¼ × 7. Pp. xii + 228. Index. 38 plates. 15 maps. Thomas Nelson (Australia) Ltd., Melbourne. 1967. $1.35.     

60年代的社会主义教育运动

毛泽东在 2 0世纪 60年代发起的社会主义教育运动 ,对于中国历史的向“左”走向产生了极大的影响。毛泽东开展社教运动 ,是以比较谨慎的态度开始的 ,但在毛泽东提出在全党宣讲两个十条后 ,阶级斗争被放到了第一位。而后刘少奇视察大江南北又提出了反右倾 ,使社教运动再升温。与此同时也引起了毛泽东、刘少奇之间的矛盾和分歧 ,使社教运动曲折复杂起来     

析20世纪60年代美国保守主义

"60年代"和"保守主义"是学术界关注的两个话题.按照学者们的传统看法,60年代是以激进为时代特征,与"保守主义"无涉.本文展示了保守主义在60年代美国社会运动中所扮演的重要角色.不过,本文更想强调的是,60年代的保守主义也带有鲜明的时代特征,具有与其自身逻辑明显不符的极端性和激进性.本文力图揭示这一悖论,并且认为,应将"60年代"和"保守主义"二者有机结合起来,进而得出有关这两个课题的较为全面和多维的认识.     

Sexual Morality in 1960s West Germany

This essay investigates the relationship between the sexualrevolution of the 1960s in West Germany and the short and long-termlegacies of the Third Reich. It offers a challenge to conventionalperspectives on the sexual politics of Nazism and thus alsoon the complicated combination of continuities and rupturesin sexual politics that marked the transition from the end ofWorld War II into the more conservative sexual culture of the1950s. The essay then turns to the multiple factors that triggeredthe sexual liberalization of the 1960s. Rejecting as too simplisticthe long-held assumption that rising economic standards explainthe liberalizing trends, the essay also charts how, in waysdistinctively West German, the sexual liberalization that occurredin the course of the 1960s was morally legitimated. The essayexamines the changing interpretations of the Third Reich thatemerged in the course of the 1960s and how these were deployedin battles over sexuality. Although recognizing the dramatictransformations in young people's sexual practices and viewsin particular, the essay stresses as well that sexual liberalizationwas not only the result of New Left student activism but ratherrequired engaged activism also from older liberals; the sexualrevolution was carried by a very broad social base, involvingmembers of all generations and a broad spectrum of politicalpersuasions. Special attention is also paid to the importantrole of liberalizing processes within the Christian churchesin helping to justify the loosening of popular mores.     

Scientific Survey of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the 1960s

AgroupofChinesescientistssur-veyedtheQinghai-TibetPIateauinthe1960s,andretumedwithaston-ishinadiscoveries.SURVEYOfMUD-STONEFLOW.In1958,ShiYafengheadedagroupofscientistswhosurveyedglaciersontheQiliangshanMoun-tains.Thereafter,hecreatedtheLanzhouGlacierandPermafrostResearchInstituteoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,ThismarksthebeginningofhisassociationwiththeQinghai-TibetPlateau.In1963,ShienteredTibetforthefirsttime.HewenttoinspecttheworkofthePer-mafrostStudyoffice,setupattheTumen-…     

The United States and Latin American Revolution in the 1960s

Book reviewed:
Michael D. Gambone. Capturing the Revolution: The United States, Central America, and Nicaragua.     

Beginnings: women and geography at Northwestern in the 1960s

This brief article attempts to paint a picture of the social and intellectual atmosphere in which Susan Hanson's postgraduate education took place and then discusses her particular experiences in the Geography Department at Northwestern University. It describes the sexist characteristics of American geographical university education in the 1960s and the competitive and male-dominated environment of Northwestern. It suggests that Susan's experiences at Northwestern were an important influence on her subsequent values, skills and interests as a feminist academic.     

20世纪五六十年代中苏双方对黑龙江流域的合作考察

新中国成立后,中央政府十分重视对科学研究的规划,科学事业逐步纳入了有计划进行的轨道。1956年初,中共中央制定《1956～1967年全国农业发展纲要(草案)》后,推动了各方面着手制定12年发展远景规划。国务院组织了几百名科学工作者着手制定《1956～1967年科学技术发展远景规划(修正草案)》(以下简称12年远景规划)。这个规划,成为当时中国科学技术发展的指导性纲领。     

试论20世纪六七十年代两次文化政策的调整

在新中国的历史上,调整文化政策影响最大的是20世纪60年代初期和70年代中期这两次。60年代初的文化政策调整是一次全面、自觉的调整,调整从调查研究入手,以调整知识分子政策为关键,注意解决红专关系、双百方针问题,制定了《科学十四条》、《高教六十条》和《文艺八条》等科学、教育、文艺领域的一系列条例,这些条例的制定是调整取得成果的标志;1975年文化政策的调整是在特殊条件下进行的一场尖锐复杂的斗争,文艺、科技、教育三个领域的调整方式方法特殊,结果也有差异,调整的关键在于分清是非、划清界限,文艺领域的调整取得了一定的成效,科学、教育方面分别写出了汇报提纲,但由于反击右倾翻案风运动,整顿被迫中断。两次文化政策的调整,对先进文化的建设和发展提供了宝贵的经验。     

20世纪60年代西方学生运动的若干特点

20世纪60年代在西方爆发了大规模的学生运动,它有力地冲击着资本主义政治制度,批判了资本主义化和教育制度。这次新型的群众运动是在世界体系和全球化背景下展开的。它是第二次世界大战结束后发生在西方社会的重大事件,具有不同于以往革命群众的若干特点。