The end and renewal of ideology in Central Europe and in Hungary

Society has to be understood as a process of fast changes (revolutions) and slow transformations (reformism). This is what has been happening in Central Europe, where the big changes of 1989–1990 were preceded by several small social, political and ideological transformations. When analysing Central European societies, one should also remember that there is an ‘official’ society and a ‘hidden’ society.In addition, the relation of state and civil society is deformed since in most cases the civil sphere is repressed and undeveloped due to the predominance of the ‘official state’. In such societies, you cannot find real hegemony but only dominance, which is practiced by the state not only in the sphere of economy, society and culture, but also in and through ideology.The essence of modern totalitarian society cannot be understood without addressing the permanent existence of unofficial, ‘civil’ ideologies penetrating the ‘hidden’ society at the same time as the ‘official’ ideology. Apart from the slow transformation of ideologies and the crisis of ‘official’ ideology, the strengthening of ‘hidden’ ideology is also required for revolutionary changes. This is how a historically new situation with new ideologies can come into being, in clear contrast to the renewal of old ideologles, which generates a mixture of the old and the new. A look at what happened in Central Europe, but particularly Hungary, should clarify the point.     

明清鄂西南土家族地区民族的分布与变迁

在明代及清初 ,鄂西南土家族地区民族分布存在土蛮集中分布的土司区和汉蛮杂居区两大区域 ;土司区内民族构成中土蛮占绝大多数 ,汉蛮杂居区内汉人、土蛮间比例几乎相等。清代改土归流后 ,由于大量流民的涌入 ,形成土蛮大分散小聚居分布 ,汉、苗等兄弟民族插花般镶嵌分布的格局 ;民族构成转变为以汉族人居多、以土蛮为少数民族主体的构成格局。明清时期导致该地区民族分布与构成及其变化的因素有自然和人文两方面 ,自然因素提供变化的可能 ,人为因素决定变化的方向。当前该地区的发展还得多从人文方面着手。     

明代中后期心学在徽州的传播和影响

明代中后期,与朱子学“别立宗旨”的心学在徽州得到广泛传播,并在徽州士人中产生了巨大的影响。传入徽州的心学主要有二支,一是湛若水之学,一是王守仁之学。湛、王心学对徽州学术的发展带来了深刻的影响,它既使南宋以来朱子学在徽州一统天下的格局被打破,同时也导致了新安理学学派中形成了二个不同的学术阵营。这种状况一方面反映了明代中后期心学兴起以后,朱子学在全国范围内影响力的削弱．另一方面也体现了徽州学术思想的丰富性和复杂性。     

商周贵族饮食活动中的观念形态与饮食礼制

贵族的饮食礼制深刻地影响着商周时期的社会生活。饮食和制不仅与权力、等级有着密切的联系,而且随着时代的发展,进一步与古老的阴阳思想相结合,在现念意识领域中占据了重要的地位。     

Trends and Implications of Delayed and Non-Marriage in Korea

Korea has experienced marital transition since the 1920s, but recent data reveal rapid changes in marital behaviour and norms. Analysts usually relate these to the second fertility transition, fast growing gender equality, economic developments, and ideational changes, pointing to the necessity of understanding the process of change in marital behaviour in the context of societal transformation as well as demographic transition. With this background in mind, this paper constructs refined measures, such as age-specific first marriage rates and total first marriage rates, for different time periods and for different cohorts to present a clearer picture of marriage trends. The results are then examined in relation to various social and demographic factors, a procedure which provides an indirect check on the validity and usefulness of the method.     

Comparison of student perception and performance in individual and group assessments in practical classes

This paper focuses on the perception of undergraduate geography and environmental science students of individual and group assessments, and compares this perception with their performance in these assessment types in practical classes. Results show that students may instinctively prefer individual assessment but they perform best, and achieve greatest perceived development of key skills, in group assessments. This paper suggests that a combination of individual and group assessment (linked to learning outcomes) can most effectively be used in the delivery, practice and testing of key skills. More innovative group tasks and clearer marking criteria will help develop the role of group work in practical classes.     

宋元墓葬中榜题、题记研究

宋元时期墓壁上的题刻文字,称之为榜题和题记。它们是研究当时丧葬观念和社会生活的重要文字资料,是现今所见到的最原始的宋元民间书写形式。榜题与图像相配,用于解释图像、指示图像内容;题记涉及纪年、地理、家族、历史史实等,富含大量的社会历史信息,堪补史籍之不足。     

甘肃近代商业和商人的兴起及特点

在农业占绝对优势的传统社会,商业处于辅助地位,商人社会地位低、社会影响小。近代以来,随着西方资本主义机器工业的侵入,商人力量渐兴,社会影响力增大,逐渐成为有影响的社会阶层,也成为构成近代城镇市民的重要力量。本文以甘肃近代商人的兴起为线索,研讨甘肃近代商业和商人的特点以及他们对近代社会的影响,从中透射出近代社会变革的脉络和痕迹,为认识今天的社会变革提供了借鉴。     

The Creation of Science and Technology Terms in Tibetan and Modernization in Tibet

1.There can be no modernization in Tibet withoutmodern science and technology,and the dissemina-tion of modern science and technology needs languageas an intermediary.As the main common language ofthe Tibetan people,the Tibetan spoken and writtenlanguage has played a very important role in the exist-ence and development of the Tibetan people.It hashelped to promote and maintain material and ethicalprogress,and to maintain the integrity of the nation,and so has left a brilliant page in the cultural store-house of the motherland.Now,as society witnessesprogress in science and technolog,and confronts the     

从《世说新语》与《晋书》对东晋道佛二教的不同书写论曲笔

《晋书》与《世说新语》是研究东晋历史的重要历史文献。东晋道佛二教并盛,而《晋书》与《世说新语》各有侧重。《世说新语》崇佛抑道,《晋书》崇道抑佛,其直接原因在于其书写者心目中二教有优劣之分。其淡化或湮没的一方,可以命名为"第二教"。这是另一种"曲笔"。这种现象存在的深层背景在于传统书写中独立的史料意识的缺失,而独立的史料意识是中国古代史学向现代转型的首重之事。正视第二教缺席的现象,也能给历史研究诸多有益的启示。     

20世纪早中期甘肃石窟的考察与研究综述

甘肃石窟的发现与考察始于1900年敦煌藏经洞的发现,之后不久甘肃其它重要的石窟,如名的麦积山、炳灵寺、南北石窟寺以及河西中小型石窟等众多石窟也先后被发现,并且由于其价值的重要性,引起了学界的高度重视。本即对甘肃省境内除敦煌石窟以外的其它石窟在20世纪早中期的考察与研究做一简要的总结,因为这一时期的工作很多都具有开拓性的意义,许多新材料不断被公布,成为我们现在及将来研究的十分重要的参考资料。     

Ionoluminescence and Cathodoluminescence in Marbles of Historic and Architectural Interest

Ion beam induced luminescence (IBIL) was applied, along with cathodoluminescence (CL), on seven samples of marbles of historic and architectural interest. The CL colours, observed in a cold cathode device, have been related to the IBIL spectra. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the IBIL spectral features has made it possible to disclose the influence of the chemical composition and to emphasize the crystal‐chemical role of the Mn²⁺. Beyond the chemical information and the crystal‐chemical interpretation, the spectra are recognized as being valuable in the field of archaeological studies for their significance as fingerprints of marbles, giving information on their nature and origin.     

Freedom of Information and Democracy in Australia and Beyond

Freedom of Information laws (FOI) throughout Australia have been routinely studied by law and media scholars. These authors have revealed widespread challenges to functioning FOI regimens, which range from government hostility to public sector restructuring to globalisation. Nevertheless, analysts have only begun to fully appreciate and explore the symbolism of FOI. Access laws are situated at the very heart of state and citizen relations, and they are especially sensitive to broader assumptions about citizenship and democracy. This paper aims to explore this sensitivity through a contextual examination that is as much about democratic theory as it is about access law. Many of the deficiencies outlined by various studies, it is argued, can be best viewed as a cluster of concerns that relate to one major problem – a lack of popular sovereignty. Australian and global democracy must be viewed and conducted in a more generally robust manner in order to strengthen FOI.     

Signs in the heavens in Groningen and Friesland in 1214: Oliver of Cologne and crusading propaganda

The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was preceded by a widespread campaign of preaching. In the ecclesiastical province of Cologne the most prominent crusade preacher was the cathedral scholaster Oliver. When he preached the crusade in Frisia in 1214 crosses appeared in the sky in three different places. One reads often about such like apparitions in the sources of the period, but, exceptionally, the crucified Christ was also seen on one of these occasions. Was this observed by everyone present, including the learned preacher himself? An analysis of the sources at hand shows otherwise. Still, Oliver quickly publicised his account of this wonder, not only in the province of Cologne but likewise in France, in order to promote the international crusading campaign. When the crusade got under way, the story lost its direct propaganda value but, alongside two other accounts of apparitions of crosses, it rapidly found its way into the historical and edificatory literature of the middle ages.     

Hindu cosmology and the orinetation and segregation of social groups in villages in Northwestern India

This paper presents a cultural analysis of the directional orientation and segregation of castes in villages in a part of the northwestern plains of India. It interprets the built environment in terms of Hindu cosmology. Recent literature in cultural geography interprets the landscape "as text" or through symbols. The symbolic approach has greater relevance for traditional societies where clear schemata are discernible in built environments. This paper attempts a critical appraisal of Hindu cosmology as a schema for interpreting built environments in Indian villages.
Challenging the widely held view that Indian villages lack order, the paper demonstrates that there is a religiously ordained order in the landscape. The order is manifested in the form of orientation of several features of landscape, especially the caste mohallãs (wards) to the cardinal directions. Orientation of caste mohallãs to the 'sacred' directions in a settlement follows a system evolved by Indian civilization to harmonize the fractured social order with the segmented cosmic order. The paper also demonstrates that segregation is an inherent characteristic of orientation.
As a background for regional diversities, empirical evidence reveals that in the study region Hindu cosmology is impressed on villages, though often in a modified form. Villagers believe that the social space known as khenúã slopes down from west to east, while the southern sector is the 'lowest' segment of the village. Dominant castes characteristically reserve for themselves the best western site of the village and low castes are placed in lower social spaces, with scheduled castes being generally placed in the south.     

汕尾地区明清时期妈祖信仰及其传说

早在新石器时代,汕尾附近就有先民在沿海带采集,渔猎,繁衍生息。形成于明末清初的“汕尾埠”,原属海丰县金锡都辖区,后成为全国名渔港之一。1988年“依港立市”,汕尾港成为汕尾市人民政府驻地。“汕尾”既是一个特定的历史地名,有时又可代称“海陆丰”——现汕尾市的行政区域。     

20世纪中日“唐宋变革”观研究述评

本回顾和梳理了20世纪中日学有关唐宋变革观依据的分期理论和主要观点以及对唐宋社会历史研究的影响,并对其不同特点作了比较和简要的评议。