浅谈我国城市低保问题

城市居民最低生活保障制度的建立和实施解决了当今社会许许多多贫困家庭的温饱问题。然而,该项制度在实践过程中,由于制度环境以及制度对象的影响也出现了较为明显的问题。妥善解决城市贫困人口的生活困难问题是当前我国经济和社会发展的一个重要任务,为此,要低保法律化,低保财政投入合理化,低保认定工作严谨化。     

浅谈我国农村低保制度

我国农村低保制度现在已全面铺开,但离实现应保尽保还很远。概括叙述了农村＂五保＂制度和＂低保＂制度的现状及问题,并提出了解决对策,关键是要完善农村低保制度,特别是低保立法问题,完善城乡社会救助制度。     

浅谈我国农村低保制度

我国农村低保制度现在已全面铺开,但离实现应保尽保还很远。概括叙述了农村"五保"制度和"低保"制度的现状及问题,并提出了解决对策,关键是要完善农村低保制度,特别是低保立法问题,完善城乡社会救助制度。     

青海藏族聚居区农牧民最低生活保障资金筹集问题研究

最低生活保障制度的提出是我国经济发展、社会进步的必然要求,也是构建和谐社会的重要举措.青海藏族聚居区农(牧)民地处高原,自然条件恶劣,经济发展落后,在贯彻落实国家有关最低生活保障政策时面临的棘手问题是资金短缺.要解决这一问题,需拓宽低保资金的渠道和来源,增加获取低保资金的手段和方式,从而为青海藏族聚居区农(牧)民最低生活保障制度的顺利实施提供稳定而充足的资金保障     

进一步加强最低生活保障档案管理

在我国民生档案管理工作中,最低生活保障档案作为其重要组成部分,是对最低生活保障各项基本落实情况的重要反应。近年来,国家对低保政策的落实情况更为重视,而最低生活保障档案作为执行和落实国家低保政策的重要凭证,所以加强最低生活保障档案管理至关重要。     

城镇居民基本医疗保险档案管理工作思考

由于我国近年来城镇化人口不断增多,人口老龄化严重,城镇居民的健康需要得到社会医疗保险的保障,为了居民的生活健康,我国的社会医疗保险制度越来越完善。但是由于我国城镇人口基数大,医疗保险制度进展缓慢,所以,建立城镇居民基本医疗保险档案,完善社会医疗保险制度,促进社会医疗保险各项工作的顺利开展。     

青海企业职工社会养老保险制度改革问题初探

社会保险是社会保障体系中最重要的组成部分之一,而社会养老保险则是社会保险家族中最重要的成员,推进社会养老保险制度改革,既是我国劳动制度改革的要求,也是应付我国提前进入老龄化社会的需要,同时有利于促进生产力的发展,保障劳动者的切身利益,维护社会稳定。一、青海养老保险制度改革及存在问题基于社会养老保险与经济发展、职工利益的密切关系,党和国家十分重视这项工作,尤其是改革开放以来,更是提到了议事日程上。1984年国务院首先在国有企业中开展了国有企业社会统筹改革试点,1991年发布了《关于企业职工养老保险制度改革…     

拆迁:规范权力只能治标

建设部《城市房屋拆迁行政裁决工作规程》将于3月1日起实施。《规程》在很大程度上体现了对被拆迁人权益的保障。近年来,由于拆迁制度不合理、补偿不到位及安置不落实等原因,造成因房屋拆迁引起的纠纷日益增多,甚至引发恶性事件,引起了社会的强烈反响,如安徽朱正亮和南京翁彪的自焚事件。城市拆迁的目标应是在城市改造和建设中维护和保障广大人民群众的利益;但在实践中有一些拆迁却正在走向人民利益的对立面。其中最重要的一个因素就是缺乏规范而公正的拆迁制度。而《规程》把对被拆迁人权益的保护予以程序化,并真正落到实处,从程序上为被拆…     

新形势下如何做好城市基础设施配套费档案工作

随着档案管理技术和手段的不断发展以及建设项目审批程序的改革,城市基础设施配套费档案工作也随之发生相应变化,面对新形势的需要,本文就如何做好城市基础设施配套费档案工作,在管理体制、制度规范、技术手段、服务功能等方面提出了一些看法。     

张家口市高新区养老机构状况分析及发展对策研究

受社会养老需求、政府大力扶持以及民间资本注入等因素的影响,张家口市高新区养老机构发展总体较好,但通过对入住老人及护理人员的问卷调查发现,该地区养老机构存在各档次服务发展不均衡和护理人员素质偏低等问题。政府应加大扶持力度,统一规范,为养老机构的发展提供保障。养老机构自身应完善用人机制,规范培训制度,创新销售渠道,不断提高服务质量。     

Gendered divisions of labour in urban crop cultivation in a Kenyan town: implications for livelihood outcomes

This article highlights the labour contributions of men and women in urban crop cultivation in Eldoret, Kenya. Divisions of labour in urban gardening were mediated by social constructs of masculinity and femininity, gender differentials in entitlements and farming knowledge and intra-household power relations. The resulting labour distribution patterns manifested itself in the type of crops men and women took responsibility for, the specific agricultural tasks they performed and the spatial segregation of men's and women's activities and tasks. Traditional gender-related labour boundaries were also challenged and reworked. With regard to livelihood outcomes, women's labour contributed more directly to household food security, although men were increasingly getting involved in subsistence farming, which held prospects for improved productivity and therefore enhanced household food security.     

从灾害治理视角透视政府合法性

灾害中止社会生活的和平进程、瓦解社会秩序的正常运转。政府作为公共权力的执行者,集中一切力量将灾害降低到最低限度,履行＂以人为本＂和＂科学发展＂的战略选择,在维护国家安全、社会秩序、保障个体生命的生存权与发展权的同时,也增强了民族的凝聚力和政府的合法性,充分体现了人本政府的良好形象和我国社会主义制度的优越性。因此,进一步完善灾害预警机制、信息输入和公开机制以及资金管理制度等灾害治理体制,能够进一步推进合法性政府的构建。     

Iron Age animal husbandry in the wetlands of the western Netherlands

During the Iron Age a subsistence economy based on mixed farming existed in the Dutch wetlands. A model based on subsistence is put forward and tested against the archaeozoological data of 27 sites in order to gain insight into the role of animal husbandry. The model confirms that cattle husbandry was the dominant form of animal husbandry but pigs and sheep were also important at some sites. Although a high number of pig bones were expected, their role is mostly insignificant. An explanation is sought in their lack of secondary products and their competition with humans for the scarce cereals in the wetlands. The mortality profiles for cattle are largely in accordance with the subsistence model. Older cattle are used for traction, milk and herd security and sheep were mainly kept for their meat but also for their milk and wool. Differences in animal husbandry between sites also exist. At two sites more cattle were killed for their meat and at three sites the proportion of older cattle was larger than expected. Although this first test renders the subsistence model viable, it needs to be tested against more sites with larger bone samples.     

An empirical study on the modification of China's current urban social security system

This study challenges the conventional correlation between economic performance and the level of the development of social security systems. By focusing on China's urban areas, we provide an overview of the components and benefits, from a comparative perspective, of China's current social security system. We also create a comprehensive and generally applicable method using factors such as economics and population, among others, as standards to evaluate the efficacy of China's system. In order to demonstrate our primary hypothesis – that the Chinese Communist Party government has to modify its social security system to adapt to or bring about changes in the basis of its legitimacy – we analyse Chinese social security records and other related data after 1949 by statistical methods. The formula we provide in this study can be used to forecast China's expenditure on its urban social security system, and other scholars can apply our methods to countries in which conditions are broadly similar.     

60年建构与改革:渐行渐近的农村社会保障制度

新中国成立初期,国家在为城镇职工提供较为完备的社会保险项目的同时,在农村构建起了以集体经济为基础、以集体保障为主体的复合型社会保障制度。此后,中国农村社会保障制度在其变迁过程中呈现出路径依赖的惯性特征。60年的建构与改革,中国农村社会保障制度渐行渐近,逐步建立了独立于"生产系统"之外的社会化的保障制度,并不断趋向城乡一体化社会保障的目标模武。     

编制城市生态功能区划的相关思考

本文从生态功能区划的意义出发,对城市生态功能区划编制的工作方法及可应用的理论进行了介绍,并从(1)对城市生态系统的正确认识(2)注意建立可能的生态资源资料库(3)注意寻求城市生态系统可持续发展理想化模型(4)进行科学的生态功能区划(5)制定城市生态功能区建设导则等五方面提出如下观点:城市生态系统是以人的行为为主导,自然环境为依托,资源流动为命脉,社会体制为经络的社会-经济-自然复合生态系统;建立生态环境要素资料库及建立生态因素单因子图层库,是客观、科学编制生态区划的基础;以维持城市可持续发展要求为前提,研究自然生态系统的理想化平台模式和社会经济发展的理想化模型的最佳结合,才能构筑城市生态系统可持续发展理想化模型;以环境问题为导向,以环境安全为原则,以环境合理功能为目标,才能制定科学的生态功能区划;为确保城市生态环境质量的建设要求,保障生态功能区划实施的有效性,制定刚性与弹性相结合的城市生态功能区建设导则是必要的。     

针对突发灾害:大城市的人居安全及其政策

非典事件折射出了大城市在应对突发灾害时抗灾能力低下的脆弱性以及严重的人居安全问题。大城市的人居安全问题与其规模、密度和形态的不协调有关。基于人居安全的城市政策应该是规模、密度、形态三位一体的城市政策。规模过大会引起安全问题,技术进步使人们解决城市问题的能力不断增强,因而城市规模的极限也不断被突破。但是,连续的、密集分布的城区终究不应该是无限放大的,从这点上看,城市形态的不佳将加重规模和密度过大所导致的问题。现阶段我国的城市政策几乎是不存在的,城市安全意识尚未发展成为全局性的"城市安全观",目前大城市的规模、形态、密度的失控是缺乏有效制约的市场力量作用的结果,规划失效的原因之一是没有清晰的城市政策,因而市政当局过分迁就开发商。新的城市政策对于大城市尤其要严格控制其密度,对城市提出明确的形态要求,制止城市蔓延,推进有组织的"都市区化"。     

Who Grows Food in Russia and Eastern Europe?

Drawing upon an innovative program of surveys in Russia and Eastern Europe, a prominent Western public policy specialist and Russian geographer present an important empirical study demonstrating a wide diffusion of subsistence food production by both urban and rural households in Eastern Europe and by urban households in Russia. With access to land, rather than occupational specialization, determining who grows food in the stressful 1990s, the paper, based on an extensive survey in 1991 and 1992 with 3,550 Bulgarian, Czechoslovak, and Polish respondents and 2,100 Russian, reveals that most people in the post-Soviet realm consume the food that they produce. 1 diagram, 7 tables, 25 references.     

2.0版中国旅游恩格尔系数构建及时空变化研究

随着经济和社会的发展,人们的消费需求逐渐由物质消费转向精神消费。为测度新消费观下人们的消费结构,本文基于精神消费及广义旅游,提出了2.0版旅游恩格尔系数,依据1990-2011年时间序列数据和2011年31个省区的截面数据,对经济高速增长期城乡居民精神消费的动态演变及区域差异进行定量测度,发现其与恩格尔系数呈较强的反相关性,可作为恩格尔系数的替代指标。最后,据1994-2011年我国居民国内旅游需求数据,从广义旅游看狭义旅游,分析了旅游恩格尔系数与国内旅游需求的关系,为科学分析和促进国内旅游发展提供新的依据。     

The Indus Valley Tradition of Pakistan and western India

Over the last several decades new sets of information have provided a more detailed understanding of the rise and character of the Indus Civilization as well as its decline and decentralization. This article begins with a summary of the major historical developments in the archaeology of the Indus Valley Tradition and a definition of terms found in the literature. A general discussion of the environmental setting and certain preconditions for the rise of urban and state-level society is followed by a summary of the major aspects of the Harappan Phase of the Indus Valley Tradition. This summary includes discussions of settlement patterns, subsistence, architecture, trade and exchange, specialized crafts, language, religion, and social organization. The Localization Era or decentralization of the urban centers is also addressed.