鲁滨逊“新史学”的学术渊源

鲁滨逊新史学继承了本土史学在认识论和方法论方面的遗产．,从欧洲汲取了丰富的知识营养,是美国本土和欧洲文化共同孕育的结果。社会进步理论、实用主义价值观、历史广泛性的理念、历史的经济和心理的诠释理论、历史学既是科学又是艺术的思想、历史相对主义以及前人对科学史学的批判等,都成为它的学术渊源。     

鲁滨逊的“新史学”思想

詹姆斯·哈维·鲁滨逊被认为是美国新史学派的倡导人。鲁滨逊在批判传统史学的同时,明确提出:历史学并非一门枯燥的、孤立的学科,必须扩大历史研究的范围;应推翻历史学与其他学科之间的固有壁垒,引进和借鉴其他学科的理论和方法;既要重视史料的搜集,又提倡发挥历史研究主体的能动性;重视历史学的社会功用和实用价值,提倡一种"可用的历史"。鲁滨逊所开创的美国新史学派风靡全美,为现代美国史学的多学科综合性研究奠定了坚实的基础。     

浅谈鲁滨逊的史学思想

鲁滨逊是19世纪末20世纪初美国的"新史学派"的奠基人和倡导者。本文从史学的价值观念及其史学目的论、史料与历史真实性、历史的进步与广泛性、史学方法的多样性方面论述鲁滨逊的史学思想。其思想影响维持半个多世纪,在现代美国史学史上有着其独特的历史功绩,也曾在中国广泛流传。     

美国史学史研究的新成果--评《鲁滨逊新史学派研究》

进入新世纪以来,中国的西方史学史研究取得了长足的进步,其主要表现之一就是国别史研究方面的快速发展.近期,由李勇教授所撰著的<鲁滨逊新史学派研究>(安徽人民出版社2004年版,以下简称<鲁滨逊>)一书的出版,就是其主要成果之一.     

“新史学”的兴起与方志学

在中国方志史上,二十世纪前期是一个重要的转折阶段。其特征是在梁启超等倡导的“新史学”影响下,广泛吸收西方史学理论,与中国古代历史学一道向近代转型。进化史观的引入与运用,修志目的从资治垂训向反映一地之历史发展转向,方志内容向社会经济部类扩展,重视运用各门科学方法编写方志,提出了一些改造旧志的主张,是中国方志学发生变化的主要内容。这是中国方志发展史上具有承前启后的重要阶段,是在中西文化交融中对于在本土文化中形成的古代方志学批判与继承中实现的     

法国新史学中的马克思主义史学——评《法国当代史：身份与变化》

在我的书架上有一部法国社会出版社1982年出版的著作《法国当代史：身份与变化》。它谈不上是法国史学的伟大著作,但由于它由七位具有法国共产党背景和马克思主义色彩的史学家集体撰写,而且用马克思主义的核心概念较为系统地阐述法国近现代史,这就给我们了解法国80年代马克思主义史学思想的发展提供了一条重要线索,也使我们对法国马克思主义史学在法国“新史学”的浪潮中遭遇的困境和他们的坚持有了重要的认识。     

《新史学通讯》与中国马克思主义史学

《新史学通讯》把马克思主义理论贯彻运用于历史教学和历史研究之中,为中国马克思主义史学主导地位的确立作出了贡献。该刊通过对一些重要史学问题的研究和讨论,倡导辩证的分析方法,提倡历史主义,反映了新中国建立初期中国马克思主义史学正常、健康发展的良好势头。总结《新史学通讯》的成就,对于回顾２０世纪中国史学和坚持中国马克思主义史学的发展方向均具有借鉴意义。     

《鲁滨逊漂流记》中“私小说”特征的诠释

“私小说”是一个来源于日本小说界的术语,其定义被分为狭义和广义两种解释,广义的解释是：凡作者以第一人称的手法来叙述故事的,均称为私小说。但人们多数倾向于狭义的解释：凡是作者脱离时代背景和社会生活而孤立地描写个人身边琐事和心理活动的,称为私小说。从其定义来说“,私小说”特征不仅是日本小说专有的写作特点,其实世界各国众小说都带有“私小说”特征。根据私小说定义,中西方诸多小说都属于心境小说,即“私小说”范畴。文章从《鲁滨逊漂流记》的写作背景及作者生平进行分析,解析小说中“私小说”特征。     

张尔田对“新史学”的批评

张尔田作为民国初期"传统派"史家代表之一,与当时史学研究中的"新史学"派存在着分歧,在本中,张尔田主要从考据学与疑古思潮这两个方面进行批评,尽管他游离于史学发展主潮之外,史学观念未免保守,但他对新史学的弊端与批评是值得我们重视的。     

何炳松与鲁滨逊的“新史学”

“五四”运动后,随着国内“民主、科学”思潮的兴起,西学的输入出现了一个新的热潮。在史学领域,除马克思主义的唯物史观外,各种西方资产阶级史学理论也纷至沓来,有的还一度在史学界和历史教学界产生过相当影响。正确评价和认识这一时期各种史学思潮和流派,是中国近现代学术思想史研究中一个不可忽略的方面。本文拟对“五四”前后何炳松所宣传的美国鲁滨逊“新史学”作一粗略考察,并在此基础上,对当时某些史学现象进行一些分析,以期有助于开展这方面的讨论。 (一) 何炳松(1890——1946),字柏丞,浙江金华人。他出生在一个塾师家庭,幼承庭训,十四岁中秀才,同年入金华府中学堂,始受新式教育。四年后,因成绩优异,被学校中途保送入浙江高等学堂。1912年,以第一名成绩毕业,公费派赴美国留学,考入威斯康辛大学,     

On the Origins of Pottery

Renewed research interest in the origins of pottery has illuminated an array of possible precipitating causes and environmental contexts in which pottery began to be made and used. This article is an attempt at synthesizing some of these data in hopes of stimulating further research into this intriguing topic. Following a review of theories on the origins of pottery, discussion proceeds to a survey of geographic and cultural contexts of low-fired or unfired pottery, highlighting the role(s) of pottery among contemporary hunter-gatherers and summarizing data pertaining to varied uses of pottery containers. It is argued that objects of unfired and low-fired clay were created as part of early prestige technologies of material representations beginning in the Upper Paleolithic and are part of an early software horizon. Clay began to be more widely manipulated by nonsedentary, complex hunter-gatherers in the very Late Pleistocene and early Holocene in areas of resource abundance, especially in tropical/subtropical coastal/riverine zones, as part of more general processes of resource and social intensification (such as competitive feasting or communal ritual). Knowledge of making and using pottery containers spread widely as prestige technology and as practical technology, the kind and timing of its adoption or reinvention varying from location to location depending on specific needs and circumstances.     

伊达拉里亚人起源考

伊达拉里亚人(Etrusci)这一古老民族,大约从公元前8世纪中期起居住在意大利半岛北起阿诺河(Amo)、南至台波河(Tiber)、西到第勒尼安海(Mare Tyrrhennum)、东邻翁布里亚(Um．bria)地区,这一地区被称为伊达拉里亚(Etruria)。公元前7至前6世纪伊达拉里亚人势力最为强盛,他们从意大利半岛扩展到北至波河平原,南达康帕尼亚地区,     

马克思主义史学研究的海外视角——评《革命与历史：马克思主义历史学的起源1919—1937》

当前中国史研究的各个领域都受到海外学者的强力诱导,但马克思主义史学领域是一个例外。其实,从事此方面研究的西方学者并不乏人,费文恺、史华兹、哈里森、刘广京等皆其代表。海外关于中国马克思主义史学的研究也曾一度兴盛。然而,这些成果译介引进到国内的却寥若星辰。美国学者阿里夫·德里克的《革命与历史:马克思主义历史学的起源1919—1937》①一书在中国大陆的面世是一件值得注意的事。德里克是一位在中国马克思主义史学史领域研究有素的学者。他的研究集中于中国早期马克思主义思想与中国史学。1980年伊格尔斯领衔主编的《历史研究国…     

罗马平民起源问题初探

在罗马早期史研究中，平民(Plebs)的起源问题是一个难点。自19世纪以来，西方学术界一直存在着各种不同的意见和争论。围绕“罗马平民最初是否属于罗马共同体的成员”这个问题，一些学认为，罗马平民主要来自王政时代被征服地区的移民，对于以“罗马人民”     

当代西方新社会文化史述论

自 2 0世纪七八十年代以来 ,西方的历史学研究正经历着一次“语言转向”或“文化转向” ,出现了新的研究领域和方法 ,这种新的史学研究实践通常被称为“新社会文化史”。本文考察了“新社会文化史”产生的背景 ,其理论基础 ,它对历史学带来了何种冲击和影响 ,并开拓了历史学研究的哪些新领域 ,提出了历史学研究何种新方法。文章也对新社会文化史进行了简要的评论 ,提出我们该如何面对这种新的历史学理论和方法 ,并作出我们的选择。     

A. J. P. Taylor,Adolf Hitler,and the Origins of the Second World War

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PAUL NUGENT. Smugglers, Secessionists, and Loyal Citizens on the Ghana-Togo Frontier: The Lie of the Borderlands since 1914. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 302. –24.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Dimitri Van Den Bersselaar

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CHARLIE WHITHAM. Bitter Rehearsal: British and American Planning for a Post-war West Indies. Westport: Praeger, 2002. Pp. xxxvi, 224. –69.95 (US). Reviewed by J. Simon Rofe

JONATHAN E. LEWIS. Spy Capitalism: Itek and the CIA. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002. Pp. vi, 329. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Alan Warburton

WILLIAM GLENN GRAY. Germany's Cold War: The Global Campaign to Isolate East Germany, 1949–1969. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. Pp. xii, 351. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Wilfried Loth

GREG DONAGHY. Tolerant Allies: Canada and the United States, 1963–1968. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. x, 235. $75.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Edelgard Mahant

ROBERT J. TOPMILLER. The Lotus Unleashed: The Buddhist Peace Movement in South Vietnam, 1964–1966. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002. Pp. xii, 214. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Edwin E. Moïse

ROBERT HOPKINS MILLER. Vietnam and Beyond: A Diplomat's Cold War Education. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2002. Pp. xix, 247. $36.50 (US). Reviewed by Lloyd C. Gardner

PIERRE ASSELIN. A Bitter Peace: Washington, Hanoi, and the Making of the Paris Agreement. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2002; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xx, 272. $32.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Jussi M. Hanhimäki

M. S. KOHLI and KENNETH CONBOY. Spies in the Himalayas: Secret Missions and Perilous Climbs. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002. Pp. xi, 226. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Robert J. McMahon

JOHN PRADOS. Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Pp. xvii, 380. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Timothy N. Castle

PETER H. KOEHN and XIAO-HUANG YIN, eds. The Expanding Roles of Chinese Americans in US-China Relations: Transnational Networks and Trans-Pacific Interactions. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 2002. Pp. xl, 311. $66.95 (US), cloth; $25.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Gordon H. Chang

JEFFREY S. LANTIS. Strategic Dilemmas and the Evolution of German Foreign Policy since Unification. Westport: Praeger, 2002. Pp. xiii, 230. $64.95 (US). Reviewed by Stephen F. Szabo

FREDERICK H. FLEITZ, JR. Peacekeeping Fiascos of the 1990s: Causes, Solutions, and US Interests. Westport: Praeger, 2002. Pp. xx. 224. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr.

HENRY R. NAU. At Home Abroad: Identity and Power in American Foreign Policy. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2002. Pp. xiii, 314. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Melvyn P. Leffler

KRISTIAN SKREDE GLEDITSCH. All International Politics Is Local: The Diffusion of Conflict, Integration, and Democratization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002. Pp. x, 266. $47.50 (US). Reviewed by Randall L. Schweller

RICHARD MADSEN and TRACY B. STRONG, eds. The Many and the One: Religious and Secular Perspectives on Ethical Pluralism in the Modern World. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003. Pp. vi, 372. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Dorothy V. Jones.

MEHDI MOZAFFARI, ed. Globalization and Civilizations. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. Pp. xiv, 274. $120.00 (US). Reviewed by Richard Crockatt

KATHERINE BARBIERI. The Liberal Illusion: Does Trade Promote Peace? Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 184. $42.50 (US). Reviewed by Alfred E. Eckes     

试论美国工业化的起源

学术界对于美国工业化起源的一般说法是:由于拿破仑战争的影响和向西部的开拓带来东部农业和商业的衰退,引起商业资本向制造业转移.本文在借鉴原工业化理论的基础上试图指出:美国从奠基时代开始,就与世界上最先进的国家站在了同一个起跑线上.建国以后,它在殖民地时期所奠定的工场手工业的基础上,又积极借鉴英国的先进技术,利用东部繁荣的农业所带来的旺盛的市场需求,结合当地的实际情况,走上了一条越来越远离英国的工业化发展道路.