洪武十年前后的祭礼改制初探--以郊、庙、社稷礼为中心

明太祖朱元璋在洪武十年(1377年)前后对郊、庙、社稷等国家祭礼进行了根本性的改革,呈现出由“分”到“合”,由“繁”变“简”的趋势。洪武改制除了有关郊、庙礼制的具体原因,还反映了太祖尚本重质、礼文从简的思想及垂宪后代的祖宗心态。     

富顺文庙博物馆陈列总体设计浅谈

宜顺位于川南沱江畔：古为江阳属地,北周天和二年（公元567年）,因盐设县,曾为州、监、郡制。因历史悠久,经济富庶,文化发达,人才辈出,故有“银富顺”、“才子之乡”美誉。史载县境内寺、庙、庵、堂500余座,惜多已损毁,县城内“九宫十八庙”仅文庙幸存。富顺文庙始建于北宋庆历四年（公元1044年）,经历代修葺,改建,形成现在规模,是一组历史、艺术、科学价值较高的古建筑群,现为四川省文物保护单位。富顺文庙最后一次修缮是清道光十六年（公元1836年）,至今已150余年,因年久失修,已部分朽坏,亟待维修。各级党和政府都非常…     

“世家”解

“世家”——世世永祭之庙。西周以来,礼制规定诸侯五庙——始祖庙、高祖庙、曾祖庙、祖庙、父庙。后四者为亲庙,前一庙为始庙。亲庙每世一迁,四世之后即行毁轶,不再祭祀;而始庙则世世永祭,因此得称“世家”。孔子受世世祭祀、陈涉被明令置守冢三十家,因此他们均享有世世永祭之庙,他们都被列入了“世家”。     

杨贵妃传说故事的价值探索

有关杨贵妃这位唐代大美人的种种传说,在广西玉林市容县一带流传甚广,家喻户晓。在容县十里镇杨外村,至今还保留着贵妃井、贵妃故居、贵妃庙等建筑遗址遗迹。贵妃庙由附近的老村民组成委员会进行管理,他们对杨贵妃传说都比较了解。方圆数百里的群众都对杨贵妃传说非常熟悉,且经常到贵妃庙中参拜祈福。上世纪八九十年代,由县文联、文化馆牵头,组织一些专业和业余文化工作者对“杨贵妃出生于容县”这一史实进行了多方论证。     

明代的藩王继统与庙制变革——以永乐、嘉靖为中心

明代庙制建立于洪武时期,以后屡有变革。而藩王继统是引起庙制变革的主要因素,如永乐、嘉靖二朝,尤以嘉靖朝的庙制变革为巨。永乐篡权夺位的政治斗争,反映在庙制变革上首先是永乐皇帝排除建文一系,重构宗庙象征的帝系传承,明代宗庙帝系残缺由此开始;其次,永乐迁都也造成“一国二庙”的双庙制出现。嘉靖时期庙制变革以“大礼议”为起点,持续了二十多年。嘉靖庙制变革包括两个阶段:世庙与太庙并存;兴献帝“称宗入庙”。与此相联系,宗庙形制经历了“都宫之制”和“同堂异室”的轮回。     

恩施名胜──文昌祠

恩施古城寺庙多,素有“24宫”、“48庙”及“二词十宫十八庙”之说,但随着岁月流逝,时过境迁,大多成为遗址遗迹,有的甚至难以查考。文昌词是恩施历史文化名城现存较少的寺庙中保存较好,并具有重要历史、科学、艺术价值而被列入重点文物抢救维修项目的古代寺庙建筑。文昌词又名文昌宫、文昌庙,为湖北省文物保护单位,位于恩施市解放路103号鳌脊山顶。词托城景,城壮调现。旧有“城为舟形,调为桅,桅必举,船始通”之句形容。调后为奎星楼遗址,饲下为城隍庙,共同组成了占地1．3万平方米的古建筑群保护区。文昌词是州城内中心文物景…     

汉代庙制问题探讨

西汉采用了每帝各专一庙的“独宫庙制”,并因时立制广设郡国庙,空前强化了宗庙的政权象征作用。从汉元帝时开始,依照儒家经典变革庙制,废置了郡国庙,并初步确立了按昭穆迭毁宗庙的庙制原则。东汉前期,创立了“同堂异室”的庙制形式,西汉诸帝和东汉诸帝分祭于高祖庙和世祖庙。献帝初平年间,虽然采纳蔡邕建议,实行了以“天子七庙”为核心的复古改革,但却没有改变“同堂异室”的庙制形式。     

西汉宗庙刍议

宗庙是古代帝王、诸侯等为祭祀祖先而专门建立的礼制性建筑。《白虎通·宗庙》曰:“缘生以事死,敬亡君事存,故欲立宗庙而祭之。”又曰:“宗者,尊也。庙者,貌也。象先祖尊貌也。”宗庙起源于何时,难以确述。据说在尧舜时就有了较规整的宗庙制度。郑玄注《礼记·王制》引《礼纬·稽命徵》云:“唐虞五庙,亲庙四,始祖庙一。”杜佑《通典》卷四十七亦曰:“唐虞立五庙”。夏代基本承袭此制,仍为五庙,殷商则增为六庙,至西周时又发展为更加成熟的七庙制,“周以后稷、文、武特七庙,后稷为始,与文王为太祖,武王为太宗”。2此后,七庙制基本上成为天子宗…     

清末广州居民的集庙议事

在清末报纸有关广州的新闻报道中,“集庙”是出现频率相当高的一个词组。所谓集庙,指的是某一个街区的居民在街区的庙宇中议决处理本街区的事务。街庙通常有固定的收入,而绅商则是街区的领袖人物。“集庙”讨论的问题包括本街区的公益事务、解决各种民事纠纷、处理被获案犯、向官府提出街区的要求或申诉。官府往往会把一些事件交坊众集庙议处,而坊众有时也会集庙抗议官员、团勇、警局的不公对待。广州的街区组织和坊众集庙议事的方式,对研究中国的“市民社会”,想念会有一定价值。     

《清史稿·盛宣怀传》订正一则

盛宣怀为晚清之重要人物。在盛宣怀的经历中,其是否任过主管坛庙祭祀事宜的官职——太常寺少卿,《清史稿·盛宣怀传》云:盛宣怀“光绪十八年……称旨,补太常寺少卿。”一些有关清代人物的史传亦相因此说(如《光宣列传》、《清代七百名人传》等)。而在中国第一历史档案馆所藏光绪年间盛宣怀的履历单中是这样记载的:“光绪十八年五月,奉旨调补直隶津海关道。”(见《历史档案》1985年1期第27页)其中并无关于盛宣怀担任太常寺少卿的记载。清代,履历单是官员升迁     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.