美国对中国援建坦赞铁路的阻挠

20世纪60年代中期,为摆脱传统殖民主义和南部非洲种族主义的束缚,坦桑尼亚和赞比亚两国提出了修建铁路的计划,并得到中国政府的支持和大力援助。当时,中美处于冷战对抗最为尖锐的时期,美国担心中国借援建铁路获得政治利益,担心中国借机向非洲输出革命,更担心共产主义在非洲扩大影响。为此,美国政府先后使用"拖延"和以大北公路"替代"坦赞铁路的策略,企图阻止中国援建坦赞铁路,以实现将中国阻隔于南部非洲之外的目的。     

试论中东铁路历史的分期问题

中东铁路是俄国根据1896年签订的《中俄密约》在中国领土上建造的,1952年12月中国政府收回了这条中东(中长)铁路。在56年的沦桑岁月中,中东铁路先后被俄国、日本、苏联占有、管理和使用。以此作为分期的标准,将中东铁路历史划分为5个时期,并试图从远东国际关系、重大的历史事件、主权归属问题上的原则分歧以及中国政府为收回中东铁路进行不懈努力这几个方面,加以综述。     

巨文岛事件中的英国外交活动

巨文岛事件是近代东北亚国际关系史上的一个热点问题。从地缘政治观察,该事件是以朝鲜为地理中心的区域政治参与势力在当时的东亚权力格局下进行的一场国际政治博弈;从全球政治观察,是英俄两国在全球争夺势力范围矛盾激化背景下,在东亚地区的区域历史反映。作为事件主角的英帝国,在事件过程中运用“以中国为轴”的外交策略周旋于区域势力的外交压力之中,最后“借力中国”,用巨文岛这枚政治棋子与俄国达成局外妥协,成功地实现了遏制俄国海军进驻朝鲜的东亚战略目标。而中国则审时度势,在险恶的局势中谨慎的开展外交活动,有力地利用了局势施压俄国,实现了维护其在朝鲜半岛宗主权的初衷。     

中东铁路出售的经济背景

1905年日俄战争结束后,原被俄国控制的中国东北地区被划分为南北两部分,北部俄国势力范围以中东铁路横贯连接至海参崴,而南部日本势力范围以南满铁路纵贯至大连。自此,两大铁路作为列强掠夺东北地区资源的主要工具,为争运货物展开了激烈竞争。为削弱中东铁路的经济效用,遏制俄势力的发展,日本通过《间岛协约》获取了吉会铁路的铺筑权,意欲打造平行于中东路的运输路线。随着吉会铁路各区间的相继开通,其更具经济性的运输路径给中东铁路以沉重打击,致其接连出现亏损。经济功能的衰退是中东铁路被出售的主要原因,加之其政治、军事功能也逐渐衰微,苏联最终决定将其售予日本。     

一部很有深度的学术专著《改革和革命——俄国现代化研究（1861—1917）》

北京大学历史系刘祖熙教授著、北京大学出版社 2 0 0 1年出版的《改革和革命———俄国现代化研究 (1 861— 1 91 7)》 ,是一部一系统、全面阐述俄国现代化进程的历史专著。全书分经济、政治、文化三部分 ,共九章 ,3 7万余字。本书通过分析 1 861年农民改革和 1 90 6年斯托雷平土地改革 ,评估地主经济向农业资本主义的演进、农民分化和富农经济的发展 ,揭示了俄国农民问题的症结。通过对俄国工业革命和工业化问题的分析、论证 ,指出了俄国赶超型工业化的特点。在此基础上 ,进一步阐述俄国从封建君主制向资本阶级君主立宪制过渡的复杂性。再…     

现代化进程中的农民——中国与苏俄之比较

俄国十月革命与中国革命 ,都是在现代化起步晚于欧美的古老传统帝国 ,在农民为居民主要成份、资本主义不发达条件下由马克思主义的政党领导的剧烈变革。它开辟了一条农民社会向社会主义社会演进之路。经过种种波折与奋斗 ,俄国在1936年 ,中国在 1961年新体制最后成形 ,即以“劳动组合标准章程”为模式的苏联集体农庄和以“三级所有队为基础”为模式的中国人民公社。这一体制通过独特的城乡联系机制(苏联的义务交售制与“身份证”制、中国的统购统销与户口制 )为工业化提供原始积累 ,对两国的现代化进程有着重大影响 ,也构成了世界现代化史上…     

中东路买卖始末

中东路位于我国东北境内,是中俄合办的一条铁路,应该说我国对其享有无可争辩的主权。可事实偏偏不是如此,沙俄时代,它完全控制在俄国人手里,３０年代初,苏联居然把中国政府撇在一边,和伪满、日本商谈有关中东路的买卖问题。 说到中东路买卖,就先得谈谈中东路。中东铁路是俄国沙皇政府为了侵略的目的于１８９７年至１９０３年在中国东北境内修筑的一条丁字形铁路,以哈尔滨为中心,西至满洲里,东至绥芬河,南抵大连旅顺。日俄战争后,长春以南段为日本占领,称为南满铁路;长春以北仍称东清铁路,民国后改称中东铁路。 十月革命后,…     

试论清代中俄文化交流的不平衡性

中俄文化关系历史悠久.在1917年前,俄国东正教驻北京传教士团是中俄两国文化交流最主要的渠道.由于文化交流主体和交流渠道相对单一.俄国向中国传播俄国文化以及俄国对中国文化的研究和传播,在深度上和广度上都大大超过了中国向俄国传播中国文化以及中国对俄国文化的研究和引入.清代中俄问文化交流所呈现出的不平衡态势与两国外交政策和文化传统的差异密切相关.     

救援、革命、外交——华工联合会研究

华工联合会原名中华旅俄联合会,1917年由在俄学习的中国留学生发起成立。成立以后,华工联合会对第一次世界大战时期进入俄国的华工提供了大量帮助。1918年底,华工联合会转变为“无产主义者组织”,它积极对在俄华工进行革命宣传,建立起与中国境内革命组织之间的联系,促进了中国革命事业的发展。此外,华工联合会还促成中国政府与苏维埃俄国之间进行对话,在俄中两国的外交活动中发挥了重要的作用。本文依据大量史料,追溯了旅俄华工联合会在救援、革命和外交等方面做出的卓越贡献,对华工联合会这一以往较少引人注意的华侨组织进行了深入的探讨与研究。     

19世纪末至20世纪初俄国引进外货及其作用问題

19世纪下半期,俄国日益卷进世界资本主义的经济体系中。1861年改革使2000万地主农民摆脱了人身依附地位,为资本主义生产创造了条件。俄国还拥有丰富的自然资源和广阔的商品市场。俄国为提高其国际地位和发展本国经济,需要大规模修建铁路和发展新式军事工业,但苦于资金缺乏,只能借助于外国资本。而这一时期西方一些资本主     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.