Association of whistlers with lightning discharges on the Earth and on Jupiter

The association between whistlers and lightning discharges has been reviewed on the basis of terrestrial ionospheric satellite observations of VLF radio noise. Evidence indicating that the observed low-latitude radio noise is associated with thunderstorms includes (1) amplitude distribution and noise properties, (2) geographical location, (3) diurnal variation in activity, and (4) diurnal variation of frequency spectrum. Corresponding studies on the propagation of sferics in the ionosphere and the excitation of whistlers recently carried out for Jupiter are presented here and compared with the terrestrial studies.     

VLF propagation parameters derived from sferics observations at high southern latitudes

Sferics are electromagnetic pulses generated by lightning events. Their maximum spectral energy is in the frequency range below 15 kHz. These powerful natural VLF transmitters can be used to determine the propagation characteristics of the atmospheric wave guide between earth and ionospheric D layer along virtually every propagation path. A VLF-sferics-analyzer was operating at the German Antarctic von Neumayer Station from January to June 1983. This analyzer recorded sferics from distant lightning events in the frequency range between 5 and 9 kHz. The method of measurement is described. The data are evaluated, and the propagation characteristics of the atmospheric wave guide are determined as a function of azimuth and season. The result is compared with theoretical calculations. It is shown that the difference between west-to-east and east-to-west propagation is much smaller than theory predicts, indicating that the ionospheric D layer at high southern latitudes behaves less anisotropic with respect to VLF propagation than at mid-latitudes.     

EXPLORING THE NUMBER OF FIRST‐ORDER POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS ACROSS COUNTRIES: SOME STYLIZED FACTS*

ABSTRACT Why do some countries have no first‐order administrative subdivisions (e.g., states or provinces), whereas other countries have over 80? Recently, economists have started to look at the optimal size of countries and forces influencing the creation of local political jurisdictions like school districts. This paper provides the first analysis of the “missing middle” level of political jurisdictions common to all countries. We empirically examine how country size, natural transportation infrastructure, location, population fractionalization, and level of development affect the number of first‐order subdivisions. The number of first‐order subdivisions is shown to be associated in a nonlinear way with measures of fractionalization—exhibiting a U‐shaped Kuznets curve for ethnic heterogeneity and an inverted Kuznets curve for lingual and religious heterogeneity. This is a different and more complex relationship than that found for local political jurisdictions where greater heterogeneity is associated with more districts suggesting that first‐order political subdivisions may serve a different role.     

A coin in the name of Hawfi'amm Yuhan'im and the sequence of Qatabanian coinages

The author presents the first known coins in the name of Qatabanian kings Hawfi'amm Yuhan'am and his son Shahr Yagul. While the first coin is a transitional issue linking earlier Qatabanian coins to the so-called Royal HRB series, the second coin represents the first issue of the Royal HRB series. The numismatic dating of both coins is in agreement with dates provided by K.A.Kitchen for both kings.     

Contributions of the founders of Craig Colony to epileptology and public care of epileptics: 1890-1915

Craig Colony in Sonyea, New York, was America's first comprehensive public epilepsy center. The background to its establishment (the first patients were admitted in 1896) and its role as a model for other institutions is described. The history of the first 25 years of the Colony is recounted and the contributions to epileptology, and the legacy to health care, of the founders--William Pryor Letchworth, Frederick Peterson, Roswell Park, William P. Spratling and Frederick Munson--are assessed.     

Late Iron Age Ballast-Quarries at Hengistbury Head, Dorset

During excavations at Hengistbury Head between 1979 and 1984 certain Late Iron Age features, described as 'quarry hollows' and 'scoops', were discovered along the shoreline. They are the result of gravel extraction, which, it is argued, was carried out in order to supply ballast for ships plying their trade across the English Channel during the first half of the first century BC. Accordingly, these features represent the first on-shore archaeological evidence for the provision of ballast in antiquity.     

The population of East Sicily during the second and first millennium BC: the problem of the Greek colonies

Knowledge of Sicilian biology during the past is very important in understanding the complex processes that characterized the population of the Mediterranean Basin. The problem of the first Greek settlement in Sicily is essential in understanding and reconstructing the indigenous biological tissue of an island that was and still is a fundamental crossroads for migratory strategies. In this research we studied ten Sicilian series chronologically attributed to the second and first millennium BC , using discrete cranial traits. The results show that the first biologically significant Greek presence in eastern Sicily could go back to the Bronze Age, while the cosmopolitan Hellenistic city of Syracuse showed the nature of the biological pattern during the first millennium BC . Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Nominations Presidents Make: Appointing Supreme Court Justices

This paper tests the hypothesis that presidents are more successful in Congress during their first hundred days in office. Analyzing an original dataset composed of the bills on which presidents took official positions, it finds that presidents indeed have higher success rates during the first hundred days of their first year than they do later during their first year or during the first hundred days of noninaugural years. This effect is strongest for presidents who face divided government.     

The First Mallorcans: Prehistoric Colonization in the Western Mediterranean

The paper aims to elucidate the first human colonization of the western Mediterranean island of Mallorca by answering such questions as: What was the cultural identity of the first archaeologically identifiable human settlers? What was the chronology of colonization? Where did the colonizers originate? And what were their contacts during the initial phase of settlement? It is based on recently acquired chronological data and on a review of the classical sources. A precise chronology for the first colonization event is proposed, supporting the idea that human settlement on Mallorca started within the period 2350–2150 cal BC. The coast of Languedoc, between the rivers Vidourle and Rhône, is the most probable source region. Whether the first settlers were derived from an Early Bronze Age or a Late Copper Age mainland culture remains unresolved. A rapid initial population growth following initial colonization is proposed. The available evidence points to the development of an essentially isolated population on Mallorca, developing an autochthonous culture with only limited contacts to mainland regions.     

周公旦为鲁国始封之君说

谁是鲁国的始封之君 ,周公旦抑或其子伯禽 ?自古至今聚讼未决。今天的学者多主“伯禽封鲁”说 ,其主要依据为《鲁颂·宫》与《左传》定公四年所载的两条材料 ,但这两条材料明显有可疑之处。“伯禽封鲁”说之所以影响大 ,盖由崔述的鼓荡所致 ,然而崔氏的考证远非一贯正确。《左传》僖公二十四年说“鲁”是“文之昭”,这是一条铁证 ,证明了周公旦是鲁国的始封之君。历史上 ,周公旦曾两次封于鲁。但由于他是武王、成王两代人的助手 ,所以两次受封均不曾就国 ,而是由其长子伯禽代就封 ,故有“伯禽封鲁”说     

TWO FINDS BELONGING to LA TENE and ROMAN PERIODS FROM the MOLDAVIAN REPUBLIC

Summary: Two noteworthy finds from Moldavia are republished here (for the first publication see Sovetskaya Archeologia no 4, 1987) because both items may present a special interest to European archaeologists. the first find is a large Celtic fibula, and the second find is a bronze fitting of a chariot of the Roman period. Some problems of La Tène chronology are also discussed.     

Knowledge Externalities and Knowledge Spillovers in Social Networks: The Case of Izmir Metalwork Industrial District

Social networks are the networks based on relationships between social entities. Since social interactions are directly associated with externalities, these relationships are assumed to create opportunities for the network members by providing especially knowledge flows. In this context, the main objective of this study is to show the role of knowledge externalities in social networks. By following this aim, some theoretical derivations are delivered and survey results in a small-world network are explained. Consequently, after a brief introduction, the first section of this study consists of a theoretical model derived by including knowledge externalities in social networks. In the second section, a survey applied in Izmir Metalwork Industrial District is explained. Finally, in the third section, survey results are presented and then conclusions and discussions for further research are revealed. Contributions of this study to the related literature are three-fold. Firstly, knowledge externalities are added to the models of knowledge flows in social networks explicitly. Secondly, a questionnaire trying to measure knowledge spillovers and knowledge externalities separately is introduced and applied for the first time in the literature. Finally, such an analysis is the first for Izmir which is the third metropolitan city of Turkey.     

Korounkorokalé revisited: ThePays Mande and the West African microlithic technocomplex

In 1992 and 1993, the author reexcavated the rockshelter of Korounkorokalé, located in the heart of the Pays Mande. Evidence from this reinvestigation supports the idea of a long-term recurrent occupation of this site by peoples possessing a conservative quartz microlithic tradition for at least 5000 years. Seemingly aberrant “recent” first millennium AD dates from similar sites in the region are reexamined in the light of the Korounkorokalé sequence. It is argued that some isolated groups of Sub-Saharan peoples maintained a hunting-gathering lifestyle as recently as the mid to late first millennium AD. Oral traditions among modern Savanna groups, which refer to the presence of “little peoples” at their first colonization of the region, are used to support this argument. A new model for the peopling of West Africa is presented based upon a long-term autochthonous presence south of the Sahara.     

Multiple Outlets in a Duopoly: A First Entry Paradox

The strategic advantages of being the first entrant into a market have been discussed extensively. This paper presents examples of markets in which there is no first entry advantage. Rather, the later entrant always has an advantage even when both deploy equal resources. The necessary conditions for the occurrence of this first entry paradox are presented.     

INTER-SITE and INTER-REGIONAL LINKS DURING the UPPER PALAEOLITHIC: the PYRENEAN EVIDENCE

Summary: In the first of this paper's two sections, Pyrenean evidence for contact between sites and with other regions is presented for each period of the Upper Palaeolithic. the examples include lithic, marine and artistic evidence. the results, presented in schematic maps, demonstrate the basic patterns of contact, and underline the role of the two 'supersites', Isturitz and the Mas d'Azil, as regional foci and cultural epicentres.
The second section is an attempt to account for the patterning of sites and contacts in terms of seasonal aggregation, social bonds and craft specialisation. the evidence reviewed in the first section is interpreted as the material traces of increasing and institutionalised social contact tied to an economic pattern of seasonal dispersal and assembly.     

The Communist Hypothesis and Revolutionary Capitalisms: Exploring the Idea of Communist Geographies for the Twenty‐first Century

Abstract: This essay starts from the presumption that “the communist hypothesis” is still a good one, but argues that the idea of communism requires urgent re‐thinking in light of both the “obscure” disaster of twentieth century really existing socialism and the specific conditions of twenty‐first century capitalism. I explore the contours of the communist hypothesis, chart the characteristics of the revolutionary capitalism of the twenty‐first century and consider how our present predicament relates to the urgency of rethinking and reviving the communist hypothesis. Throughout, I tentatively suggest a number of avenues that require urgent intellectual and theoretical attention and interrogate the present condition in light of the possibilities for creating communist geographies for the twenty‐first century.     

Vagantibus Graeciae fabulis: the North African wanderings of Antaios and Herakles

The myth of Antaios and Herakles emerged from the encounter between the northern and southern shores of the Mediterranean. This article explores two parallel courses of the myth's progressive development. One is geographical, with the myth travelling from east to west (from Kyrenaika, through Tunisia, to Tangier). The other unfolds within the plot itself: at first Herakles stands for the Greeks (and later the Romans), while Antaios embodies the indigenous Libyans. However, shifting political circumstances also allow for the (conjectural) identification of Greeks with the figure of Antaios, and a (certain) equation of Libyans with Herakles. On the whole, the history of the myth from the seventh to the first centuries BCE reflects the development of a politically and culturally coherent Mediterranean over the same period, from the first Greek settlers in Libya to the Mediterranean empire of Augustus.     

A comparative analysis of first and second generation immigrants: residential and occupational mobility in Metropolitan Sydney

The residential settlement of the second generation of the major European immigrant groups in Metropolitan Sydney in 1981 is compared with that of the first generation, and the occupational composition and mobility of the second generation is related to those of the first generation and the host society. This is the first large data set intergenerational analysis to have been conducted in Australia, and hypotheses as to the relationship between social and spatial distance, and between first and second generation segregation are tested. A theory of intergenerational convergence, and thus integration, is found to be applicable to the Australian urban situation, rather than labour market segmentation or structural pluralist theories.     

浙江温岭塘山发现西汉东瓯国墓葬

温岭大溪塘山东瓯国墓葬的首次确认,是浙江东瓯国文化考古的一个重要收获,它第一次为研究探讨西汉东瓯国墓葬的文化内涵提供了重要的实物资料。     

Hindus: A Superior Race

Abstract. In this contribution I want to first examine some aspects of the influence of Orientalism and Christianity on the construction of a notion of Hinduism which could serve as the basis for nationalism. Second, I want to explore two influential claims about the uniqueness and superiority of the Hindu religion and its practitioners. The first claim is that Hinduism is the religion of a superior race, namely the Aryan race. The second claim is that Hinduism is a religion which is spiritually superior to other religions. These two claims are never completely separate from each other, but are differently emphasised by different Hindu movements.