Cultures of the eighth and seventh millennia BP in the southern Levant: A review for the 1990s

The Pottery Neolithic of the southern Levant (the eighth and seventh millennia BP) was a crucial period in which the foundations were laid for the development of complex societies and urban civilization. This article summarizes the current state of research in this area during this period. Past and present research in Israel and Jordan is reviewed, and methodological problems in fieldwork and analysis are discussed. We attempt a systematic definition of the archaeological entities. For each such entity, we present the available data on chronostratigraphy, characteristics of the material culture (including lithics, ceramics and architecture), burial customs, figurines and images, economy, and site-distribution. While the Yarmukian and Jericho IX occupied territories of similar size and seem to represent entities on the scale of a culture, the later Wadi Raba entity extended over a larger area and was of longer duration. A chronostratigraphic summary is presented, and the major entities are compared in terms of site-types, economy, burials, and geographical distribution.     

洛阳都城历史地理研究的视野与创获——《国家、空间与社会——古代洛阳都城空间演变研究》简评

<正>都城是特定时期国家最为重要的城市,在历史发展中具有极其重要的地位。对于都城历史的研究,向来受到学术界的青睐,为诸多学科所关注。如对于都城历史地理的研究,可以说属于历史地理学、古都学和城市史学共同关注的学术领域。在古都洛阳的历史研究中,向来成果极其丰硕,涉及领域极其广泛,     

未雨绸缪:张之洞备荒举措及其成效探研

晚清时期,自然灾害频繁发生,光绪年间尤为严重。身处如此时代,张之洞对于备荒问题始终极为重视,尤其是执掌一方后,每到一地均针对当地特点采取了有效的应对之策,最要者主要有建仓积谷、以备饥荒,开垦荒地、均减差徭,修堤防洪、兴利除害,禁种罂粟、推广桑棉,改善交通、发展通讯等。立足于中国历史发展长河,张之洞的备荒举措,既有承自传统的,又有与时俱进的。可以说,既重视前人,又在前人基础上有所发展。这种理论结合实践所提出的备荒主张极具价值,其实践效果也颇为明显,值得肯定。但张之洞备荒举措的实施效果也并非尽如人意,追根溯源,既与具体办事人员办事不力、主政官员更迭及政策未能及时跟进紧密相关,又与传统社会中地方百姓对新事物、新方法的抵触行为密切相连。     

Quantifying the effects of erosion on the archaeology of intertidal environments: A new approach and its implications for their management

Abstract

While the high archaeological and palaeoecological value of intertidal deposits has become well known, approaches to their management remain extremely restricted. Despite the often high levels of erosion experienced by some sites there has been very little development in methods aimed at understanding or quantifying the threats. This paper presents an approach aimed at monitoring erosion within the Humber estuary, UK, where previous finds including Bronze Age boat remains and trackways have made it an area of international importance. Two sites have been investigated and the results from these demonstrate both the high rate of sediment removal and also the highly variable nature of intertidal erosion. It is argued that global figures relating to rates of erosion are wholly inappropriate when attempting to manage archaeological deposits that have survived in intertidal environments. Rather, management of such archaeologically rich but threatened landscapes is only possible through regular quantitative monitoring. Such an approach offers coastal protection authorities a valuable opportunity to assess the long-term progress of erosion and coastal change. This methodology could be employed alongside management agreements within those particular coastal cells or process units that have been identified in a Shoreline Management Plan.     

祈雨习俗及其地域差异——以传统社会后期的江南地区为中心

江南地区虽属平原水乡泽国 ,但是由于季风气候的缘故 ,降水变率大 ,往往旱涝不常。所以旱期祈雨 ,在江南水乡也很普遍。江南地区的祈雨一般选择在龙王庙、观音庙、城隍庙以及其他神灵和已故乡贤名宦的祠庙中进行。本文研究表明 ,江南有共同的祈雨对象 ,但区域内部这种祈雨却呈现了多样化 ,有其各自的特色和主要的侧重对象 ,并且在地域分布上也有明显的差异。可以认为 ,江南地区祈雨神灵的分布特点和地区差异完全是受地理环境影响的结果。     

从近20年《历史地理学杂志》的相关文章看西方历史动物地理研究的新动向与启示

东西方历史学、地理学的不同特点及发展方向,使双方历史动物地理的研究也有所不同。通过对2000—2018年英国《历史地理学杂志》所刊历史动物地理相关文章的分析,可以发现近年来西方历史动物地理有议题与方法的多样化、关注与人类密切接触的常见动物、关注中小尺度具体空间下的动物这三个研究动向。在此基础上,相关研究成果不仅填补了历史研究中的一些空白,更对一些历史问题提出了新解,在推动史学研究的同时,也进一步突破了人类中心主义思想。这些研究长处值得我国历史动物地理研究在坚持自身优势的基础上加以借鉴。     

革命话语与家国观念——孙中山撰写的两篇《族谱》序言述论

孙中山于1920年代初分别为合肥阚氏和蕲春詹氏撰写族谱序言,即<合肥阚氏重修谱牒序>、<五修詹氏宗谱序>.孙中山借为族谱作序,将革命思想与现代观念援入族谱,并试图从传统家族观念中,剥离出有助于现代民族、民权、民生的内容,以改造后的家族观念服务于国族构建,使家族建设具备现代国家建设的宏大意义.     

Comment on ‘A Bayesian approach to ageing perinatal skeletal material from archaeological sites: implications for the evidence for infanticide in Roman Britain’ by R.L. Gowland and A.T. Chamberlain

In 1993, I published a paper noting that the age distribution of perinatal infants for some Romano-British sites did not conform to a natural mortality pattern but rather showed a pronounced peak at a gestational age corresponding approximately to a full term infant. I interpreted this as suggestive of infanticide, given that the deed is generally carried out immediately after birth. Gowland and Chamberlain have recently published in this journal (J. Archaeol. Sci. 29 (2002) 677) a reconsideration of the problem of Roman infanticide in which they suggest that the peak I observed in the Romano-British perinatal age at death distribution may have been an artefact of the particular ageing technique I used, and they hence call into question the evidence for Roman infanticide. In this comment I argue that their work is seriously flawed and, using a re-analysis of my 1993 data, I demonstrate that the perinatal peak I observed in the Romano-British age distribution is a robust result that supports an interpretation of infanticide.     

晚清新政与张之洞研究的新进展--读李细珠《张之洞与清末新政研究》

20世纪90年代以来,在中国近代史的研究中,社会化史的研究大为兴盛,而从前热门的政治史则颇有冷落之感。在有数的几个还比较受学术界关注的政治史课题里面,晚清最后10年的新政应该算是较重要的一个。笔也是晚清新政的研究和热心关注之一。因此,李甫一出版,笔便仔细拜读,并写就以下的评论,以就教于作李细珠先生及学术界同仁。