Defiant Innovation: The Adoption of Medical Marijuana Laws in the American States

Diffusion research often characterizes the role of the federal government in innovation adoption as a supportive one, either increasing the likelihood of adoption or its speed. We examine the adoption of medical marijuana laws (MMLs) from 1996 to 2014 to shed light on what motivates states to adopt innovations that are in explicit defiance of federal law. Furthermore, we examine whether federal signals have any influence on the likelihood of adoption. In doing so, we utilize implementation theory to expand our understanding of how the federal government's position impacts state policy innovation adoption. We find mixed evidence for the influence of federal signals on the adoption of MMLs. The results suggest that medical marijuana policies are much more likely to be adopted in states when proponents have the political or institutional capital, rather than a medical or fiscal need. Moreover, this political capital is sufficient independent of the federal government's real or perceived position.     

Source of the Lancangjiang River Found

FollowingascientificsurveyoftheYarlungZangboRiverGrandCanyonin1998,ChinaplungedintosurveyingthesourceoftheLancangjiangRiver.Thesurveybeganinthesummerof1999inZhaduCounty,YushuTibetanEthnicGroupAutonomousPrefecture,QinghaiProvince.Tibetansthereliveonanimalhusbandry.ApressconferencewasheldonApril28intheGreatHallofthePeopleinBeijing.Andthe19-membersurveyteamsetoffinlateJune.TheteamwascomposedofpeoplefromtheComprehensiveSurveyCommitteeoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,theLanzhouGlaciersRe…     

在长江的源头

雁石坪坐落在青藏公路边上,虽被称为镇,却只有数间客房,几家小饭铺,三间小百货店,一个道班,一个供销社,一个不能盖邮戳的邮电所.从这里,我们离开青藏公路,弃车向西,徒步进入长江的源头地区.     

水是生命的源泉

<正>水是世界上最宝贵的资源之一,是人类赖以生存且无可替代的营养物质。在支撑地球生命存在的诸多条件中,阳光、空气和水是最重要的三大要素。如果把阳光、空气和水作一番比较,我们会发现在这个世界上最缺的是水,特别是能饮用的淡水。     

Engineering as a Source of Scientific Ideas

Abstract

Engineering has discovered some laws of nature as limits to what can be done, from which have developed the sciences of thermodynamics, information theory and cybernetics. Considered as a science, engineering lies between physics and biology, because its machines have physical structures and properties but biological organizations and functions. The old idea of the living body as an engine retains its power in modern biology; and the reconsideration of various natural non-biological processes in terms of engineering and biological concept reveals inadequacies in modern physical theory.     

关于元杂剧《灰阑记》的来源问题

《灰阑记》引起了世界的关注,国内有学论及了它的来源和世界性影响问题,这有意义。但学关于《灰阑记》题材来源的说法是不正确的。《灰阑记》虽在内容上与佛教、基督教、伊斯兰教所记的故事有相似之处,但李行道却不是从这三个宗教故事中取材。一,三个宗教虽在唐代以前就传入中国,但其时除了佛教有关故事已翻译过来以外,其他两个同类故事是不是已经翻译过来,难以确定;二．李行道是中国的隐士,不是宗教信徒,他受中国传统化的影响,《风俗通义》是宋元习见之书,他见到的可能性更大;三,元杂剧创作中普遍存在着吸取历史故事、小说等材料进行创作的倾向．李行道所在的平阳是当时杂剧创作的中心之一,他当然会受到这个倾向的影响。因此,我们认为,他是从中国本土的故事受到启发,创作了《灰阑记》。中国本土故事就是见载于《风俗通义》中的黄霸断两妇人争子的故事。《灰阑记》的故事情节、宗旨．与之极为一致。世界几种化中都存在着《灰阑记》式的故事,这一情形值得深入研究。用比较的方法研究中外化及学的相互影响及异同,是有意义的,但应注重事实,不应轻言袭用而贬低一个民族创造化的努力和对世界化的贡献。     

日本女性文学源头发微

奈良朝始,日本文学萌动,至平安时代,日本文学已立于世界文学之林,就中日本女性作家成就卓著。本文从历史层面之源头、文化层面之源头、社会习俗层面之源头及汉唐文化冲击之源头等方面,揭示构成日本女性文学迅速崛起及其蓬勃发展的要因。     

以创新精神促进党校教育的发展--学习党的十六大报告的体会

党的十六大报告是一篇马克思主义理论创新的重要方面。报告通篇以马克思主义的理论创新精神,提出了一系列新的观点和论断,其中关于新时期建设高素质干部队伍的重要论述,对作为干部培训和轮训主渠道的党校教育工作提出了新的更高的要求。因此,党校教育要全面贯彻落实党的十六大精神,就必须坚持以创新精神统揽党校工作,着力从理论研究,教学布局,科研以及管理等方面实现新的突破,这样才能推动党校各项工作上新水平。     

辽代琥珀来源的探讨

本文主要以中、西文献记载为依据,结合考古出土以及以往的研究成果,论证辽代的琥珀原材料很可能来自遥远的欧洲波罗的海沿岸.波罗的海琥珀由基辅罗斯北部诺夫哥罗德城,沿伏尔加河南下,到达地中海.再东经黑海、里海,达河中地区.然后经皮毛之路、丝绸之路进入辽境.     

Source of the Properties of Foods and Medicines

In Tibetan medicine, all food and medicinal plants have their origin in the four elements （earth, water, fire, air and space）. They are therefore classified according to certain characteristics, associated with a particular element. Classification of based upon these characteristics, which can range from intrinsic properties, such as moisture, to the taste of a given food or plant. To classify by element, the nature ofagiven plant is also analyzed according to its initial ＂seed＂： its initial ＂constitutive elements＂. It is important to remember the distinction between the two uses of the term element. As a tool for classification, the constitutive elements are the lowest common denominators into which a substance can be divided, basically, its essential element. They show the original preponderance of one element-such as water-over another, and determine the final classification of a whole plant as belonging to one or another element.     

网络关系嵌入、创新扩散与旅游企业创新绩效

作为服务业创新的重要分支,旅游业创新研究还处于起步阶段,旅游企业创新绩效及其影响机制研究还很缺乏。本文以嵌入性理论为切入点,构建了旅游企业网络关系嵌入与创新绩效之间关系的理论模型,并以四川剑门蜀道核心景区（剑门关）周边旅游企业为样本,运用回归模型实证研究了关系嵌入性如何通过创新扩散来影响旅游企业创新绩效。研究结果显示：旅游企业网络的强关系有利于提升企业的创新绩效,企业间互惠程度和关系的持久性与创新绩效正相关,创新扩散在旅游企业关系嵌入和创新绩效关系中起部分中介作用。     

Songpan:Water Source for Sichuan

The Mingjiang River originates on the southern slope of Gonggangling Peak of MingshanMountain, at the meeting place of Songpan and Jiuzaigou counties. It bisects Songpan, with a total length of 735 km, including 341 km within Aba Prefecture. The river has helped cultivate many generations in the province of Sichuan.The source of Mingjiang River features majestic peaks, lush grazing grass, deep forests, grotesque rocks, rare animals and a pleasant climate.In the summer and autumn, this part of the world turns into a shining lady whose hair and tender complexion merge with the blue skies and beckoning world of ancient pine trees and firs decorated by blossoming flowers.When winter comes, the shining lady dons a white robe as snow and ice take over.The area where the Mingjiang originates has the most sensitive ecosystem in Sichuan. To its north are     

三江源的“花、鸟、兽”

<正>三江源,中国三大河流——长江、黄河、澜沧江的发源地,一个平均海拔4000米以上广阔的平坦地带。这样的海拔高度曾让无数人望而却步,但也滋养了这里众多的野生动植物。如今的三江源,人与动植物和谐共处,处处吟唱着生态之歌。初探三江源走过楚玛尔河大桥,宽阔的楚玛尔河像系在三江源大地上一条赭红色的腰带,蜿蜒伸向天边。楚玛尔河流经藏羚羊在昆仑山东西迁徙通道的核心区,楚玛尔河大桥桥长2565米,是     

十二生肖玉朔源与演变

十二生肖作为一种古老的民俗文化事象,有着渊源的历史。关于它的起源,历代学者众说纷纭。《辞海》中十二生肖的解释是这样论述的：“古时的术数家拿十二种动物来配十二地支,子为鼠,丑为牛,寅为虎,卯为兔,辰为龙,巳为蛇,午为马,未为羊,申为猴,酉为鸡,戌为狗,亥为猪。”赵翼《陔馀丛考》谓十二生肖之说起于东汉,汉以前没有言者,到了东汉,     

中国古代玉器探源

古玉探源是解决我国玉器的最初源头的科研课题.我国史前五大玉矿资源产地、三大玉文化板块、五支玉文化亚板块的背景决定了我国玉器源头很可能是多元的,似乎不可能出现于一地而向四面八方传播.从迄今已掌握的发掘出土玉器的质量与水平及其玉文化面貌判断,我国玉器起源地之一,可能在兴隆洼文化、查海文化周边或其以北地区.