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1.
David Petts 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):461-480
In addition to the well-known foreign missionary activities of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century churchmen, this same period
saw campaigns of active proselytization within Britain. Whether couched in terms referring to “religious revival” or “home
mission” it had the same aim as foreign mission activity, namely to effect religious change. This paper explores the way in
which the religious changes associated with these campaigns affected the landscape of the lead-mining districts of the North
Pennines in northern England. A repeating cycle of preaching first outdoors, then indoors and then in purpose-built structures
can be recognized. 相似文献
2.
Mariano Ramos Fabián Bognanni Matilde Lanza Verónica Helfer Patricia Salatino Claudio Quiroga Diego Aguirre David Pau 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2008,12(3):209-247
In the central-southeastern area of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, lies a mountainous area of low height in Tandilia that
contains important outcrops of quartzite and granite. A large number of buildings are made of massive blocks of rock, some
of them with a surface of over 1 ha. In addition to these completely artificial constructions are other structures that are
semi-natural, having been made in places with special topographical characteristics and complemented with dry-stone walls.
Scanty written documents allow us to attribute some of the constructions to an age before the permanent settlement of the
Creole population. In the Tandilia Sierras these structures are commonly known as “corrales de indios” (Indian corrals). This
designation involves a double prejudice with regard to function and cultural affiliation. Out of a total of 22 structures,
we analyze a group of 4 that were excavated to use to review the written documents. 相似文献
3.
Jinmin Fan 《Frontiers of History in China》2007,2(3):345-378
In the mid-Ming Dynasty, the means of transportation were greatly improved; commodity production became more developed; silver
was gradually monetized; commercial taxes became lighter; and social attitudes towards merchants changed. All these developments
created a favorable environment for the formation of regional merchant groups. Meanwhile, social factors at the regional level—characteristics
of local commodity production, favorable natural environment and production structures, as well as Ming government’s practice
of border defense, border trade, foreign policy, local customs, and the interpretation of commercial activities of local people—all
contributed to the emergence of merchant groups.
Translated by Wu Yanhong from Tsinghua Daxue Xuebao 清华大学学报 (Journal of Tsinghua University), 2006, (5): 81–94 相似文献
4.
Masculinity became an important topic of discussion around 1900,not only as reaction to the growing women's movement, but alsoa result of new developments in the medical and sexual sciences.In the late nineteenth century medical doctors began to takea sustained interest in same-sex sexual relations between men,giving rise to the concept of the homosexual man as feminizedand dangerous to the social order. While the medical conceptof the third sex could also be –and was– used for emancipatory purposes by early advocates ofhomosexual rights, a group of masculinists rejected these discriminatorycharacterizations by insisting on their masculinity and arguingthat state and society were in fact based on male bonding. Thesemasculinist strategies, which sought to integrate male–malesexuality into hegemonic masculinity, represented resistanceagainst discrimination, but they also served to shore up andmodernize hegemonic structures that discriminated against womenand Jews. 相似文献
5.
This article presents a study of the Australian temporary staffingindustry. It explores how temporary staffing markets are manufacturedthrough the interactions between industrial relations and regulatorysystems, on the one hand, and the structures and strategiesof domestic and transnational temporary staffing agencies onthe other. The article draws on secondary datasets and semi-structuredinterviews with government departments, labour unions, staffingagencies and their trade bodies to analyse the size, structureand characteristics of the Australian temporary staffing market.It argues that the Australian market differs in important waysfrom those other neoliberal labour market regimes—suchas those in Canada, UK and USA—with which it is oftencompared. The article argues for an approach that seeks to explorethe (often gradual) mutual transformation of temporary staffingorganizations and the institutional and regulatory systems inwhich they are embedded, rather than privileging one at theexpense of the other. 相似文献
6.
This article deals with the history of the Nazi Party's officeof the Deputy Führer, Rudolf Heß, which after Heß'sflight on 10 May 1941 was renamed the Party Chancellery andled by Martin Bormann. It evaluates the structures and functionsof this important party office which had the exclusive rightto control government legislation. The Deputy Führer'sstaff was established before 1935/36. It consisted of severaloffices which influenced nearly all processes of legislationand tried to introduce Nazi ideology into all sectors of Germansociety. This was done by corresponding intensively with ministerialbureaucracy. Although the staff of the Deputy Führer andof the Party Chancellery acted in a very bureaucratic manner,the article argues that Max Weber's concept of bureaucraticrule is not appropriate for analysing the radicalizationof the Nazi régime throughout the Second World War becausethis Weberian ideal type tends to neglect social practices.The same is true for Weber's concept of charismatic rulewhich only offers fruitful insights into the social relationsbetween Hitler and his followers. 相似文献
7.
In 2008, the archaeological museum in Piła carried out excavations in the site No. 5 in Ujście upon the river Noteć (Poland),
at the Rybacka Street and in the Old Market Square. In 12 archaeological excavations and 4 surveys abundant wooden structures
were discovered, from which about 800 samples were taken, mainly of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oakwood (Quercus sp.). The studies were aimed at absolute dating of wood with the dendrochronological method, the wiggle matching fitting curves
method, as well as anatomical determination of wood. Absolute dating of the oakwood from the Rybacka Street allowed to distinguish
the oldest fortifications of the stronghold from the ninth century, and also intensive introduction of wood in the years 980–1080
AD, whereas analysis of wood from the Old Market (survey IV) allowed to distinguish eight structural levels, from the 1530s
until the 970s. On the basis of the pine wood 227-year-long local chronology 2U_02A was produced, dated with the wiggle-matching
method for the period 860–1080 (±10) cal. AD. Most of the pine samples proved to represent wood introduced in the 990s and
1040s (±10) cal. AD, and also some repairs in the years 1000–1030 and 1050–1070 (±10) cal. AD. 相似文献
8.
In comparison to conventional computed tomography (CT) and radiography, high-resolution CT is a superior means of visualizing and quantifying fine structures in a wide range of materials. Here the shape and size of a chert arrowhead lodged in a 700-year-old tibia from Norris Farms #36, Illinois, are identified, as are the bony response and the arrow's probable trajectory through the bone. The use of high-resolution CT – in this instance, to identify structures down to the level of individual trabeculae – can be used in other archaeological applications when fine details are important and specimens cannot be damaged by invasive (i.e., destructive) procedures. 相似文献
9.
The differences between China and Western countries in human and physical environment has brought about two distinctive models
of state. In the Chinese-style state of quasi-consanguinity, in which family and state have a similar structure, imperial
power, gentry power, and clan power are the product of common ownership of consanguineous groups. The similarity in the structures
of these three kinds of power derives from the fact that they are all restricted by the power of lineage generated from the
self-sufficient small farmer economy, and must obey the conventions of ancestors which hold the benefits of the group as supreme.
The relationship between these three kinds of power, is definitely not the one that is based on the division of power that
is founded on individual private ownership in Western countries, where ‘public power’ and ‘individual private ownership’ are
antithetic, but are three aspects of the patriarchal dictatorship that complement each other. Therefore, village rule in China
and autonomy in the West are two totally different concepts, and gentry power is also not the ‘authorized power’ from the
state.
__________
Translated from the Journal of Tianjin Normal University, 2004: 1 相似文献
10.
The purpose of this article is to explain and discuss the essential operational characteristics of the technology of power
(sensu Foucault) perpetrated on the internal frontiers with the Indians in nineteenth-century Argentina. The conquest and
colonization of the Pampas took shape in the establishment of military camp structures placed to create a defensive cordon,
known as “the Indian frontier line.” These constructions were fortlets defended by gaucho cavalry squadrons (know as Blandengues
during the Spanish period, and then Guardias Nacionales after Argentinean Independence). This process is known in Argentinean
historiography as “the conquest of the desert.” This particular technology of power existed in this historical context and
operated at every social level, impacting strongly on the lower classes that inhabited the incorrectly named “desert.” Its
implementation in the military field enabled the existence of an array of micro-powers that surrounded the gaucho, called
vago y malentretenido—“a vagrant and lingerer”—and their women's lives. The army as institution was the locus of various forms
of coercion and old forms of punishment (such as the stakes, whipping, and public executions) most of which affected peasants,
nonresidents, itinerant workers, and the rural youth. This schema was adopted in different areas: in the enrolment and discipline
of the gaucho soldiers, in life in the fortlet-prisons, and in the ritualism of power. The alternative chosen by soldiers
to evade this technology of power and the fortlet-panopticons was escape through desertion. The utility of those observations
is demonstrated, because an important part of the area of research of historical archaeology that has developed with the greatest
impetus in Argentina has taken fortlets as its subject of study. 相似文献
11.
This paper examines the graffiti found within late 19th and early 20th century farm buildings in the Wolds of East Yorkshire.
It suggests that the graffiti were created by a group of young men at the bottom of the social hierarchy—the horselads—and
was one of the ways in which they constructed a distinctive sense of communal identity, at a particular stage in their lives.
Whilst it tells us much about changing agricultural regimes and social structures, it also informs us about experiences and
attitudes often hidden from official histories and biographies. In this way, the graffiti are argued to inform our understanding,
not only of a concealed community, but also about their hidden history. 相似文献
12.
This article reviews six essay collections and one monographon late medieval and early modern political culture in the HolyRoman Empire. Following a general survey of historiographicaltrends and a discussion of the specific contributions of theworks under review (covering topics from international relations,state formation and the role of language to representative assembliesand the exercise of power in towns and villages), it attemptsa preliminary sketch of the basic parameters of pre-modern politics.Prominent insights include shifts in the balance between oral,ritual and written communication, the significance of informalbonds and the negotiated quality of developments at all levelsof government. The conclusion assesses the potential of thenew political history and calls for renewed effortsto link discourses, representations and perceptions to the norms,structures and socio-economic conditions with which they interacted. 相似文献
13.
To date, historians have worked on the assumption that NationalSocialism used the media to powerful propaganda effect. Yetat an early stage a few voices, especially within Anglo-Saxonscholarship, questioned whether the process was so direct. Increasinglythe individual media have been examined, both technically andin terms of their public the reactions they provoked. This essayexamines how the media can be said to have modernized underNational Socialism, and how newspaper readers, radio listenersand cinema audiences reacted to the development of the media.There were major differences. Radio was conceived as a mediumfor music and entertainment; new formats were developed in responseto listeners turning to programmes from abroad, so that Germanradio could no longer keep a monopoly on information. The majorityof feature films were melodramas and light entertainment, andalthough many carried a message, the cinema wasfundamentally a commercial, non-political sphere. Newspapersremained relatively conservative in presentation. The presswas largely concentrated in the hands of the party, so informationwas highly controlled, and due to difficulties of productionin wartime they became increasingly unattractive, and by 1942were trusted by few readers. The corpus of the media generallybecame technically more efficient, and sought to please itsgrowing audience. Total control of the media by the politicalleaders was not achieved. Particular elements, such as war films,or the Wehrmacht Request Show, had memorable success.Agenda setting by the media planners put certain key politicalideas into the forefront, and they were able to disseminatekey symbols and rituals of National Socialism. The media werebut one of many agents used, though, to foster political loyalty.The régime also, and more importantly, achieved thisby using existing attitudes, and through its permanent threatof violence towards the population, whom they also seduced withmaterial treats. It emerges that it is both possibleand helpful in studying the development of the media to examineit as a process of modernization in the media, in their organizationaland technical structures. This process was however underminedwherever in German society anti-modernist ideology and practicespersisted or fought back. 相似文献
14.
Ximena S. Villagran Andrea L. Balbo Marco Madella Assumpció Vila Jordi Estevez 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2011,3(4):357-378
Based on ethnographic accounts from the eighteenth to the twentieth century, functional areas have been identified within
Fueginian shell middens. In this context, archaeological microfacies acquire a functional meaning when the microscopic record
is compared to information gathered from ethnology, macroscopic observations made during excavation, and experimental modern
analogues. All these lines of evidence were combined for the first time at Tunel VII, an eighteenth/nineteenth century shell
midden occupied repeatedly by Yamana people, the last hunter–gatherer–fisher groups of the Beagle Channel. The sampling strategy involved three sets of samples:
(1) two stratigraphical columns taken from the hut “entrance” and from a portion of the shell midden (i.e., the surrounding
refuse shell ring), (2) thin sections from five hearths representing successive phases of frequentation of the hut, and (3)
experimental burnt valves of Mytilus edulis, the main malacological component of the site. Comparison of microfacies from groups (1) and (2) provided microscopic indicators
to distinguish between shell dumping areas and occupation surfaces. Comparison of microfacies within columns from group (1)
allowed recognizing periods of site abandonment and periods of more intense/longer site frequentation. The experimental samples
from M. edulis served as a reference to characterize the five central hearths in terms of maximum burning temperatures reached. Different
burning structures were correlated to the season of hut frequentation and to their location (and function) within different
portions of the hut. The intra-site micromorphological comparison strategy within a well-documented ethnohistorical context
provides valuable indicators for the identification of functional areas in archaeological contexts when ethnographical information
is not available. 相似文献
15.
R. Alan Covey 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2008,16(3):287-338
During the Late Intermediate period (LIP, c. A.D. 1000–1400), the central Andes experienced the decline of the Wari and Tiwanaku
states, as well as processes of state formation, regional population growth, and competition culminating in the imperial expansion
of the Chimú and Inka polities. The LIP holds the potential to link the archaeological features of early Andean states with
the material signatures of the later ones, providing a critical means of contextualizing the intergenerational continuities
and breaks in state structures and imperial strategies. The recent proliferation of LIP research and the completion of a number
of regional studies permit the overview of six LIP regions and the comparison of highland and lowland patterns of political
and economic organization, social complexity, and group identity. 相似文献
16.
Jianxin Hou 《Frontiers of History in China》2007,2(1):1-24
The Western terms “feudal” and “feudalism” have been widely and improperly translated as “fengjian” in contemporary China. The early Western Sinologists and Chinese scholars, including Yan Fu, did not originally make such
a translation. Yan initially transliterated the term “feudalism” as fute zhi in his early translations. It was not until the 20th century, when Western classical evolutionism found its way into China,
that “feudalism” was reduced to an abstract concept, and the Western European model was generalized as a framework for understanding
development in China and the whole world. Only then did Yan Fu first equate “feudalism” with “fengjian,” and China was believed to have experienced a “feudal society” in the same sense as Europe. From the perspective of intellectual
history, using evidential and theoretical analyses, this article attempts to show that feudalism was a historical product
in the development of Western Europe and existed only in Europe, “fengjian” is a system appropriate only in discussions of pre-Qin China, and China from the Qin to the Qing experienced instead a system
of imperial autocracy. The medieval periods in the West and in China evidence widely divergent social forms and hence should
not be confused with the same label.
__________
Translated from Zhongguo Shehui Kexue 中国社会科学 (Social Sciences in China), 2005, (6): 173–188 相似文献
17.
The construction of “citizen-state” relations in the intellectual world of modern China and the establishment of individual
citizenship in political discourse have opened up a political and discourse sphere for modern women to strive for new identities,
wherein some intellectually advanced women have managed to establish their individual identity as “female citizen” by carrying
the debate on the relationship between women and the state with regard to their rights and responsibilities, and on the relationship
between gender role and citizenship. Though the idea of “female citizen” was not provided with a political theory of practical
significance, the subject identity of women, however, was repeatedly spoken about and strengthened in brand-new literary practices,
resulting in a dynamic discourse of “female citizen”; in the meantime, disagreements concerning the concepts of “female rights,”
“civil rights,” and “natural rights” have all helped create significant tension inside the related discourse sphere.
Translated by Feng Mei from Nankai Xuebao 南开学报 (Journal of Nankai University), 2008, (4): 40–47 相似文献
18.
刑铁 《Frontiers of History in China》2009,4(1):39-73
By investigating the Tang-Song examples of widows remaining chastity or inviting a jiejiaofu (second husband) into the deceased husbands’ families, this article analyzes widows’ lives and their right to inherit their
deceased husbands’ family properties. The conclusion is that widows had only “rights of management,” but not the “possessive
right,” over their deceased husbands’ properties. Moreover, the qualities of widows’ lives in their in-law’s families depended
on their relationships with the deceased husbands’ brothers. When being treated unfairly, widows often resorted to “the power
of the maternal uncle” in order to defend their benefits.
Translated into English by Yang Kai-chien 相似文献
19.
彭邦本 《Frontiers of History in China》2008,3(4):533-550
Dujiangyan irrigation system of more than 2000 years history is a symbol of originality of Chinese ancestors both in its conception
and project mode. It is still working well and benefit Chengdu Plain nowadays while other comparable water conservancy projects
of the same or later age have vanished and been forgotten. More than just a world-famous cultural heritage, it shows the harmonious
relationship between man and nature. And it also reveals us how to solve problems in the era of economic globalization, such
as the constantly silt up of the dams, the exhaustion of the energy and the crisis of the deterioration of ecosystem. The
inspirations it gives us range from technology to humanities, from economy to various aspects in social life. In a word, Dujiangyan
irrigation system demonstrates the wisdom and creativity of Chinese people and has a universal significance despite the change
of time and space.
Translated by Li Dan from Shijie wenhua de dongya shijiao: quanqiuhua jincheng zhong de dongfang wenming 世界文化的东亚视角: 全球化进程中的东方文明 (East Asia’s view on world culture: East civilizations in the process of globalization). Beijing:
Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2007, 127–141. 相似文献
20.
Anna S. Agbe-Davies 《Archaeologies》2011,7(3):574-595
As social scientists, archaeologists have specialized ideas about what “community” entails. But the concept resonates well
beyond the scholarly realm. What did “community” mean to the people whose lives we study? What does it mean to the groups
with which we engage in the present? The answers to these questions have implications for the legitimacy of archaeologists’
claims to engage in “community archaeology.” Here, the author uses period texts—newspapers—and focus group data to explore
the contours of “community” as understood at two sites with active community archaeology programs. 相似文献