理性、流动与家庭——村民日常生活语境下的乡村性转型

从乡村日常生活的真实状况出发,本文在个人、家庭、村集体三个维度考察了当前乡村性转型的主要路径。对河南邓州的研究表明,市场经济带来的经济理性与城镇化带来的流动性相互耦合,彻底动摇了传统小农分散、孤立、封闭的特征,但在不同维度上转型速率与方式并不同步。进一步的分析表明,当前我国的一系列宏观政策与促进乡村村民城镇化的初衷之间还存在需要弥合的差距。论文最后对家庭理想与经济理性耦合、个体理性与群体理性差距、有限城镇化的制度困境等理论话题进行讨论。     

西北地区农村儿童日常生活时空间特征研究

以甘肃省平凉市华亭县河西村、马家堡村为研究区,采用生活日志调查、感知图像、访谈等方法,获取案例村乡村儿童一周生活日志调查数据、一周生活内容回忆图画以及访谈数据,揭示了西北地区农村儿童日常生活的时空间规律：①学校作息时间、家庭就餐时间是农村儿童日常生活时间节律性的主要控制因素,游戏时间、看电视时间形成日常生活时间节奏的重要节点;周内与周末时间利用具有节奏相似性和内容差异性。②农村儿童日常生活空间类型有限,并且具有动态性,广场、院落周边是农村儿童户外生活的重要场所;③不同类型农村儿童日常生活时空间特征具有差异性,具体表现在留守儿童与父母在家型儿童、男童与女童的差异。研究认为,应从社会生态系统角度全面认识农村儿童日常生活。社会排斥、非社会性行为从社会、心理两方面影响农村儿童日常生活时空间行为。     

CANADA'S ALL RIGHT: THE LIVES AND LOYALTIES OF IMMIGRANT FAMILIES IN A TORONTO SUBURB, 1900–1945

Before World War II, many immigrant workers in North America lived in industrial and residential suburbs. The early history of a residential suburbo of Toronto, Ontario, shows that, initially, homes were modest and public services were absent. Men worked long hours, commuted far and built the family home. Women strove hard to keep house and raise a family in unserviced homes. Children helped out, and played in the accessible bush. Self-provisioning was common, and early opportunities to acquire homes and establish businesses were good. Community-building created a strong neighbourhood identity. At first, settlers felt loyal to Britain, compared their experience with the situation back home, and concluded that Canada was 'all right. The Depression brought working-class loyalities to the fore and prompted many to become more critical of the Canadian status quo. This story raises questions about the nature of the immigrant working-class experience in North American cities in the early twentieth century.     

1. AT HOME AND IN THE WORKPLACE: A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION TO THE “SPATIAL TURN”

This introduction places the forum contributions in the wider context of the “spatial turn” within the humanities and social sciences. Following a survey of the historical trajectories of the field, a review of impulses from different disciplines, and a sketch of general developments over the last few decades, the editors exemplify key approaches, methods, and conceptual advances with reference to gender studies. The focus then turns to the structure, main themes, and specific contents of this collection, which features both case studies and theoretical reflections. In conclusion, the essay underlines the significance and further potential of the “spatial turn.”     

PUBLIC ACCESS IN THE CANADIAN COUNTRYSIDE: A COMPARATIVE SURVEY

This article employs the concept of physical rigour to map and measure recreational routes and zones available to the public. The thirteen study areas represent settled rural districts in three major ecumene regions, plus national parks at the fringes of the ecumene. Following a qualitative appraisal of mapped patterns of access, statistical measures of access availability are computed for five levels of rigour, grading from passive through to arduous. There are clear regional variations in the amount of access available at each level, and in the weighted index of overall access availability. Data analysis suggests that intensity of land use is the major determinant of such variations. Other factors include amplitude of relief, the type of natural vegetation, and the form of land survey.     

变动中的家与地方:一个关联性的研究综述

家与地方的关系是地方性研究中的关键性命题。人本主义地理学认为地方根植是家的根本属性,批判地理学则从社会建构的角度阐释家与地方的动态关联。在全球化和灾害影响下,家与地方的联结方式不断变动,呈现出异常丰富的多样性。本文从理论脉络入手,对全球化进程中因绅士化引起的家的置换,无家可归与家在他乡,以及离散者的漂移之家等现象进行了分析;并从灾民自我调适行为和灾后重建计划的实施方面,讨论了灾害影响下家的重构与认同问题。相关学科和国际研究在这一领域的快速发展,将为国内社会文化地理学对家的探索创造良好的机遇。     

TECHNICAL CHANGE AND PROFITS IN CANADIAN MANUFACTURING: A REGIONAL ANALYSIS

Manufacturing profitability and growth declined sharply in Canada between 1955 and 1984. The spatial extent of this decline has not previously been documented. This article examines manufacturing performance in six regions of Canada. The analysis reveals significant interregional performance differences that appear to be increasing. Two different types of inter-firm competition are identified in the article: competition in production and competition in the market. Empirical investigation reveals that changes in production conditions had a greater impact on regional profitability in five of the six regions studied. In the remaining region, poor market performance was the primary cause of the reduction in profits after 1955.
Au Canada la rentabilité et la croissance industrielle ont profondément diminué entre les années 1955 et 1984. L'ampleur spatiale de cette baisse n'a jamais été docu-mentée. Cette étude examine le comportement et les performances de fabrication dans six régions canadien-nes. De considérables différences inter-régionales, qui semblent toujours s'accentuer sont mises en évidence. Dans cette recherche, deux genres de concurrence entre les societes son identifiés: la concurrence dans la production, et la concurrence dans le marché. L'analyse empi-rique montre que certains changements dans les conditions de production ont eu un effet considérable sur la rentabilité régionale pour cinq des six régions en question. En ce qui concerne la dernière région, la baisse des profits a partir de 1955 est dûe essentiellement à la mauvaise performance du marché.     

城市边缘区域“家”到“商业的家”的空间演变——以西双版纳景洪市为例

在全球化和流动性视野下,“家”是近年来西方地理学研究的重要的新兴话题。本文以西双版纳景洪市的曼景法村和曼弄枫村为案例,展示了位于城市边缘区域的“家”到“商业的家”的空间演变过程与结果。研究发现：城市边缘区域“商业的家”从初始阶段就有相对严格的边界,且边界愈来愈严格。主要原因有：传统宗教信仰与现代游客失序行为的冲突、不同的旅游参与方式及现代化的影响。空间边界严格这一特点所带来的结果是城市边缘区域中民族“商业的家”逐渐失去吸引力和市场。     

WOMEN'S WORK: A CASE STUDY OF PROLETARIANIZATION OF PERI-URBAN VILLAGERS IN VANUATU

This study focuses on peri-urban women in Vanuatu from 1972 to 1983 in order to measure the impact of a greater participation of women in the labour market, an increase in the number of consensual unions in the village, and the changing pattern of female migration. Not unexpectedly, these result in a loosening of ties between some villagers and village land. What matters even more is that such a loss of land rights endangers the ideological reproduction of this hybrid sociological form in Melanesia. In effect, peri-urban villagers walk an ideological tightrope. What remains of their subsistence economy generates a corporate ideology under the form of discourses on the virtue of communality, and this is what distinguishes and preserves the village social field from that of the town. A loss of land rights may well lead to a questioning of communality and a realization of the hegemonic nature of the ideology of social undifferentiation.     

NUTRITIONAL WAGE OVER TIME and SPACE IN BANGLADESH

Several spatial characteristics influence the variation of wages. However, little geographical research has been directed to the analysis of regional wage dynamics. The nutritional value of agricultural wages varies considerably over space and time in Bangladesh, the regional difference being more striking than the temporal. The nutritional wage has deteriorated over time; therefore, the nutritional intake of a casual agricultural labourer and his dependants in the 1980s was much worse relative to the early 1970s. The level in the 7980s was shamefully below that recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Regional variations of wages are positively associated with rural population density, cost of a standard diet of an agricultural labourer, degree of urbanization, and level of technology. These are important variables for explaining regional wage differentials in Bangladesh. The empirical evidence in this research seems to support the subsistence wage theory and urban-industrial impact hypotheses. Plusieurs caractéristiques spatiales interviennentdans la variation des salaires. Peu de recherches, pourtant, ont porté sur l'analyse de la dynamique des salaires entre les régions en géographie. Au Bangla Desh, la valeur nutritionnefle des salaires agricoles varie considérablement dans I'espace et dans le temps, les différences entre les régions étant plus frappantes que les différences dans le temps. Ainsi, fe taux nutritionnel de la ration alimentaire d'un ouvrier agricole temporaire et de sa famille dans les années 80 est nettement pire qu'il ne l' était au début des années 70. Le niveau dans les années 80 est honteuse-ment intérieur aux recommandations de la FAO. Les variations des salaires de région à région sont posi-trvcment associées à la densité de la population rurale, au coût du régime alimentaire normal d'un ouvrier agri-Cole, au degré d'urbanisation, et au niveau de technologie. Ce sont d'importantes variations qui expliquent les différences de salaires entre les régions au Bangla Desh Les donnees empiriques dans cette recherche semblent appuyer la théorie d'un salaire de subsistance et les hypothèses d'un impact industriel et urbain.     

ENTANGLED INVASIVE LIVES: INDIGENOUS INVASIVE PLANT MANAGEMENT IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA

This article explores the entanglement of two kinds of invasive lives in northern Australia: invasive plants, and the enduring life of the unfinished colonial project, which continues to have implications for indigenous peoples. In the extensive indigenous lands of Australia's tropical north, communities have increasing responsibility for invasive plant management among other pressing land management tasks. In a context of climate change and novel ecosystems, these entanglements exacerbate environmental management challenges in the tropical savanna and affect indigenous livelihoods. Drawing on arguments that it is necessary to literally speak novel ecologies, we here enunciate and describe a novel ecological assemblage we call Indigenous Invasive Plant Management (IIPM). Historical accounts and contemporary ethnography (semi‐structured interviews and participant observation undertaken in 2010–2013) show a lingering colonial heritage in the ways that IIPM is entwined with tenure and governance issues, and in its everyday practice. These findings illustrate how IIPM can risk being a form of continuing dispossession as well as having good potential outcomes.     

REGIONAL HETEROGENEITY IN WAGE DISTRIBUTIONS: EVIDENCE FROM SPAIN*

ABSTRACT Regional differences in real wages have been shown to be both large and persistent in the United States and the U.K., as well as in the economies of other countries. Empirical evidence suggests that wage differentials adjusted for the cost of living cannot only be explained by the unequal spatial distribution of characteristics determining earnings. Rather, average wage gap decomposition reveals the important contribution made by regional heterogeneity in the price assigned to these characteristics. This paper proposes a method for assessing regional disparities in the entire wage distribution and for decomposing the effect of differences across regions in the endowments and prices of the characteristics. The hypothesis forwarded is that the results from previous studies obtained by comparing average regional wages may be partial and nonrobust. Empirical evidence from a matched employer–employee dataset for Spain confirms marked differences in wage distributions between regions, which do not result from worker and firm characteristics but from the increasing role of regional differences in the return to human capital.