交通拥堵治理的空间与基础设施政策综述

交通拥堵是制约国内外城市可持续发展的瓶颈问题之一,给城市经济、社会与环境带来诸多负面影响.本文聚焦城市交通拥堵的结构性因素,系统归纳和综述了引导可持续出行行为的空间政策(如城市空间结构和土地利用政策)与基础设施供应侧政策(如道路和公共交通基础设施投资政策),及其在交通拥堵治理上的理论探讨、学术争论焦点、实证分析及当前亟...     

中国收缩城市土地利用效率及其影响因素研究

依据人口统计数据与NPP-VIIR夜间灯光影像识别出2013-2017年中国收缩城市,运用超效率SBM模型测算收缩城市土地利用效率,并构建Tobit模型分析其影响因素.结果发现:①2013-2017年,收缩城市土地利用效率均值降低了1.44％,且各年份均低于增长城市与全部城市.实现土地有效利用的收缩城市占比较小,大多数...     

城市紧凑度对中国城市创新的影响

城市空间特征与创新的关系是创新地理的重要研究议题.论文构建了城市紧凑度与城市创新的理论分析框架,提出研究假设,并选取中国地级及以上城市作为研究空间单元,从密度、土地混合利用、街道连通性和交通通达性四个方面构建了城市紧凑度指数,对2010年中国城市紧凑度进行了评价,分析了中国城市紧凑度的空间分布特征,在此基础上,采用空间...     

The Role of an Area-oriented Approach in Achieving Environmental Policy Integration in the Netherlands,and its Applicability in Bulgaria

An integrated approach to environmental policy and urban spatial planning has not yet been adopted by many local administrations in Europe. However, such integration is likely to provide a more streamlined planning process that incorporates environmental measures in the physical development of urban areas. In this paper, we argue that among many local governments there is already a growing wish to apply environmental policy integration (EPI) principles in spatial planning in an effort to achieve better quality of life in the cities and to preserve natural resources. Within Europe, most attempts to develop EPI approaches can be found in western countries, while efforts to find integrated approaches to the urban environment and spatial planning in Eastern Europe are in their infancy. The main reason for this is that most of the post-communist countries are still addressing the challenge of reconstructing their political, social, and economic systems. In this research, we analyse and compare policy practices for EPI in urban planning in the Netherlands and Bulgaria. We first discuss the Dutch area-oriented policy approach, which has gained popularity during the last decade as a means of integrating environmental qualities in urban land use plans. We then go on to analyse the effectiveness of specific area-oriented methods developed and applied in Rotterdam, and define their applicability in the planning practice of the local authorities of the city of Burgas in Bulgaria. The main conclusion of the study is that the degree of effectiveness of an area-oriented policy is dependent on the impact of specific success factors. Despite the differences between Rotterdam and Burgas in terms of the presence of these success factors, we assert that the area-oriented policy approach applied in Rotterdam can be transferable, and can be adapted to the specific local circumstances in Burgas and used as an instrument for integrating EPI into urban land use planning.     

教育资源配置对住房价格影响的时空差异研究——以35个大中城市为例

本文以2002-2017年35个大中城市为数据基础,借鉴Rosen-Roback城市空间均衡模型,测度大中城市教育资源对住房价格的影响差异性。研究发现：①控制其他变量后,教育事业费支出水平每提高1%,住房价格水平平均上涨0.156个百分点;②空间维度上,沿海城市的教育资源对住房价格的影响,显著小于内陆城市;而政治级别的差异在大中城市间的影响较小;③时间维度来看,教育资源对住房价格的影响在各时期都是显著存在的,表明教育资源的影响具有长期累积特征;从影响程度绝对值来看,影响系数具有随时间递减的特征。     

空间联系视角的沈阳市多中心城市结构研究

以沈阳市为研究案例,借鉴国际著名团队POLYNET的研究经验并加以改良,进行了空间联系视角的多中心城市结构的实证分析。分别从人口密度分布、就业-居住空间联系网络与企业空间组织网络三个维度来识别沈阳市的人口中心、就业中心与产业中心,综合分析这些"中心"得出四点结论:①城市核心区就业与居住中心构成十字交叉的内循环结构;②浑南新区次中心特征颇具雏形;③外围人口中心、就业中心与产业中心错位发展;④沈阳市呈现不均衡的多中心结构特征。     

THE EFFECT OF LAND‐USE CONTROLS ON THE SPATIAL SIZE OF U.S. URBANIZED AREAS*

ABSTRACT On a sample of U.S. urbanized areas in 2000, we test theoretical hypotheses of the effect of land‐use controls on the spatial size of urban areas. We find that minimum lot‐size zoning and maximum FAR restrictions expand the urban area, while maximum lot‐size zoning, urban growth boundaries, minimum square footage limits, maximum building permit restrictions, minimum person per room controls, and impact fees contract the urban area. All of these findings are consistent with theoretical predictions although the effect of urban growth boundaries and minimum square footage limits are not statistically significant.     

西安市人口的分布变动研究

基于三次人口普查数据,对西安市80年代以来的人口分布变动进行了系统研究。结果表明:西安市在20世纪80年代便已形成"中心区人口减少、内圈和中圈人口快速增长、外圈人口低速增长"的区域差异格局,90年代这种区域差异格局更明显。通过人口分布模型的回归拟合,尝试性预测了西安市未来人口分布的趋势。结果显示:2010年西安市人口分布的峰值将出现在距市中心约2.5km的城墙与二环线之间。最后探讨了西安市人口分布变动的促进机制。     

基于POI大数据的资源型城市功能区识别方法与实证——以辽宁省本溪市为例

精准识别城市功能区对于优化协调城市人地系统，完善城市规划及促进城市可持续发展具有重要意义。选取公众认知度和地物一般面积对行业POI数据核密度进行加权，构建城市功能区定量识别方法，以本溪为例，输出城市功能区分布图并开展分析。结果表明：①考虑公众认识度与一般面积的核密度加权方法具有更高的实际性和准确性；②本溪市中心城区受地块大小、交通等因素影响，形成“多中心”组团、“单一-混合”功能区协同发展的空间格局。应进一步完善本溪新城区公共服务体系、优化旅游业产业链条，推进资源型城市转型进程。     

东北三省城市经济弹性空间分异及其影响因素研究

为促进东北三省城市经济的复苏与可持续发展，构建城市经济弹性评价指标体系，运用熵值法和多指标综合评价法，对东北三省城市经济弹性水平及其吸收能力、恢复能力和转换能力等构成要素进行评价，运用灰色关联分析法对城市经济弹性影响因素进行研究。结果表明：①从城市经济弹性水平来看，除了大连、长春和哈尔滨处于中等水平外，其余城市均处在较低水平和低度水平；②从城市经济弹性的空间分异来看，呈现显著的“集聚化”分异特征；③从城市经济吸收、恢复和转换能力来看，各城市水平与经济弹性水平基本一致，且空间分异特征也基本一致；④影响城市经济弹性的主要因素分别是经济结构、经济规模、环境状况、人力资源和经济密度。     

基于区域城市体系的旅游地域系统空间组织研究——以江苏为例

本文强调了旅游资源"集中性"的功能属性,并区分了地域、线性、等级、节点四种集中性,揭示了旅游资源经济、交通指向性的空间布局特征。通过分析旅游地域系统同区域城市体系在要素、结构及功能上的多层耦合关系,归纳出一定区域城市支持下的旅游地域系统空间组织---地域旅游城市网络等级体系模式。并通过分析城市体系空间结构、城市旅游功能结构,结合旅游业产业特性,划分出三个等级构成:中心旅游城市、旅游城市、特色旅游城镇或旅游景区。最后给出了江苏地域旅游城市网络体系空间组织。     

城市居住与就业空间关系研究进展及展望

城市居住与就业空间关系是城市地理学与城市经济学研究的重要领域之一,有必要梳理国内外研究进展及发展趋向。本文从理论基础、方法论、区位选择及影响因素三个方面回顾了城市居住与就业空间关系的相关研究,并对其进行述评与展望。研究首先厘清了居住与就业空间关系研究的理论基础;其次从通勤行为、就业可达性测度等方面总结了职住关系测度的方法论,并对居住-就业区位选择的影响因素进行了梳理;最后对国内外职住关系研究内容进行比较与述评,并展望了有待进一步深入研究的领域。     

Post-socialist Sprawl: A Cross-Country Comparison

This paper presents a land-use change analysis of five Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. We utilize CORINE (Coordination of Information on the Environment) Land-Cover and Urban Audit data for two distinct time periods: 1990–2000 and 2000–2006 aggregated at urban, suburban and non-metropolitan geographies. The literature on post-socialist cities suggests that urbanization rates and patterns in the post-socialist period are quite variable and divergent, both “inter”nationally and “intra”-nationally, and we expect to find both spatial and temporal differences. We compare and contrast urbanization patterns at the national scale, using cities and their functional urban regions as the unit of comparative analysis. Our results show that unlike other eastern European countries, metropolitan areas in the former German Democratic Republic began sprawling (defined as a decline in urban density) in the 1990s. Similar changes only became visible in other CEE countries later during the 2000s. We also demonstrate that larger cities which were better connected to the political elite and more economically integrated with global investment patterns experienced more extensive urban sprawl than their smaller and mid-sized counterparts.     

Changes in Family Structure and Child Outcomes: Roles of Economic and Familial Resources

This article examines the effects of changes in family structure (from a family with two original parents to a lone‐parent family or a stepfamily) on emotional‐behavioral and cognitive outcomes of young children. We use data from three cycles of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Children and Youth, first conducted in 1994–95, and every 2 years since then. The present analysis is based on data for children, who were 4 to 7 years old at the first cycle. We find that compared with children in families with two original parents, those in lone‐parent and stepparent families are at a disadvantage on every measure of child outcome, even when their initial disadvantages and socioeconomic background are taken into account. We also find that the deterioration in economic resources is more important in explaining the relationship between family structure and cognitive outcomes (such as math and reading scores) but not emotional‐behavioral outcomes, whereas the deterioration in familial resources—ineffective parenting and parental depression, in particular—is more important in explaining the effects on emotional‐behavioral outcomes. The scarcity of material resources mediates the relationship between family structure and cognitive outcomes, whereas the diminution of familial resources mediates the relationship between changes in family structure and emotional‐behavioral outcomes.     

大数据支持下城市社区生活空间质量的可获性图谱法初探——以西安为例

对城市社区生活空间质量问题的研究是(新)城市社会地理学关注的焦点问题之一。城市社会地理学研究从人本方法论的空间公正视角探讨城市生活空间质量已形成的"城市(社会)生活空间质量观"是开展社区生活空间质量研究的理论基石。本文研究基于大数据理念,借助城市商业、服务与休闲资源场所数据挖掘城市社区、社区资源体系与居民空间可获距离的关联信息。以"城市(社会)生活空间质量观"为理论依托,结合大数据、GIS空间分析方法和地学信息图谱表达方式,提出城市社区生活空间质量的图谱表达理念。在改进"社区资源可获性指数"CRAI的计算方法和对城市社区资源可获性的空间格局进行分析的基础上,提出城市社区生活空间质量的图谱表达形式,以期为深入研究城市社区资源空间剥夺规律及其统筹规划提供方法参考。     

国外对空间剥夺及其城市社区资源剥夺水平研究的现状与趋势

本文从城市社会地理学的社会-生活空间质量观的视角、结合国外相关研究文献,首次系统地分析了国外对空间剥夺以及城市社区资源剥夺研究的现状、内容,及其所涉及的相关学科以及在此基础上所形成的研究理念、流派、原理与方法。总结了这一研究命题对城市管理、城市规划、社区规划与商娱场所空间布局的指导意义,以期为国内的相关研究提供借鉴。     

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY WITHIN AND BETWEEN EUROPEAN NATIONS: THE ROLE OF MARKET POTENTIAL AND DENSITY ACROSS SPACE AND TIME*

ABSTRACT In explaining the uneven spatial distribution of economic activity, urban economics, and new economic geography (NEG) dominate recent research in economics. A main difference between these two approaches is that NEG stresses the role of spatial linkages whereas urban economics does not do so. We estimate simple versions of these two views on economic geography and also establish if the relevance of spatial linkages varies across aggregation levels or time. For our sample of 14 European countries and 213 corresponding regions, we find that spatial linkages are more important at the country level and that its relevance varies across time.     

中国公共图书馆时空格局演变及影响因素研究

以1994-2013年中国县域公共图书馆数据为研究基础,运用数理统计和GIS空间分析方法揭示了中国公共图书馆的时空格局及其演变规律,采用多元回归分析和地理探测器分析其时空分异的影响因素及强度差异,并探究其影响机制。结果表明：①中国公共图书馆的整体发展水平持续提升,不同等级公共图书馆的数量结构特征展现出由“金字塔型”向“哑铃型”演变的态势;②中国公共图书馆在空间上的等级扩散效应较为显著,其集聚水平逐步下降,趋向空间均衡分布方向发展;③中国公共图书馆密度分布总体上呈现出逐年提高的趋势,但区域间公共图书馆发展水平的差距在进一步扩大,表现出“东高西低、南高北低”的空间分布格局;④中国公共图书馆时空分布格局是经济、社会、文化、政策等诸多因素共同作用的结果,不同时期和不同地区公共图书馆时空分异的主导因素及其作用强度存在差异。     

广州城市公共服务设施供给空间分异研究

转型期以来,政府治理制度的变革及公私部门关系的重构使我国城市公共服务设施供给主体、供给机制逐步多元化,其分布形态也由空间均衡趋向分异。本文以广州为案例,研究结果表明:广州城市公共服务设施分布总体上呈核心-边缘空间格局,区域供给规模差异大且与人口分布不相协调,区际及不同类型设施的空间聚集水平差异显著;传统计划经济条件下城市公共服务设施空间均衡分布模式被市场经济条件下高收入地区指向的集中布局模式所取代,表现出类似西方国家城市公共资源配置的"反比例服务法则"。     

旧城中心区城市衰落研究——以广州沿江西区域为例

在广州这样城市化水平高、经济发展快的华南大都市,也在城区的部分地段出现了城市衰落与更新现象。本文以沿江西RBD为例分析广州城市衰落现象的表征和原因,从物质形态和非物质形态两大方面对沿江西RBD的城市衰落现象进行分析,认为该地区交织存在着结构性衰退、功能性衰退和物质性老化。