周谷城“反欧洲中心论”史学思想述论

作为学贯中西的史学大家,周谷城在长期从事世界史的研究与教学中,深谙欧洲中心论的荒诞与危害,并率先对其展开全面有力地批判。他认为"欧洲中心论"不仅背离事实而且富有扩张性,只有批判并摒弃"欧洲中心论"才能维护世界历史的客观性和完整性。本文拟从"历史完形"的角度出发,全面梳理周谷城"反欧洲中心论"的思想脉络,从而剖析其对史学健康发展的引导意义。     

“欧洲中心论”与世界史研究——兼论世界史研究的“中国学派”问题

在世界史研究中,存在着“假定前提的欧洲中心论”、“文化传播的欧洲中心论”以及“反欧洲中心论的欧洲中心论”三种“欧洲中心论”。它们是一种同构关系。替代论、调和论和修正论是对“欧洲中心论”的三种批判形式。批判“欧洲中心论”不仅是创建“中国学派”的理论前提和实践路径,而且有助于中国世界史学界健康积极的心态和生态的生成。拒绝任何形式的普遍主义、培养理论方法论上的自觉意识和批判精神以及将本土学术资源与西方的学术成就结合起来,是创建健康的、自觉的、开放的“中国学派”必须跨越的路径。就中国世界史学界而言,最关键的是寻求和建构一种“中介”即对话和争论。只有构建世界史阐释的“多元主义”视角,非西方学术界（包括中国世界史学界）才能在世界范围内确立自己的学术话语体系并搭建起相对公允的学术对话平台,才能完成学术文化上的“解殖”任务。     

先发的东方与落后的西方——读《西方文明的东方起源》

《西方文明的东方起源》①（以下简称《起源》）,是英国学者约翰·霍布森②（JohnM．Hobson）的一部探讨西方文明起源的历史社会学著作。该书批判“新欧洲中心主义”的观点,     

破除“欧洲中心论”的困境及出路——从《偷窃历史》谈起

欧洲中心论在学理上受到愈来愈多学者的批评,在诸多学者的努力下,破除欧洲中心论的愿望似乎将要变成现实,杰克·古迪先生的专著《偷窃历史》①(剑桥大学出版社2006年)无疑又为打破欧洲中心主义贡献了一份力量。古迪是英国杰出的人类学家和历     

再看《白银资本——重视经济全球化中的东方》

贡德·弗兰克的《白银资本——重视经济全球化中的东方》一书批判"欧洲中心论",强调了亚洲(尤其是东亚的中国)在世界近代早期历史上的重要地位。本文对《白银资本》进行重新思考,对书中存在的一些问题浅显地表达个人的不同意见。     

巴勒克拉夫对欧洲历史的解读

20世纪中叶,通过对世界形势和欧洲形势变化的敏锐把握和深刻理解,在自身对欧洲中世纪史的深入研究和借鉴其他学者研究成果的基础上,巴勒克拉夫比较系统地阐明了自己对欧洲历史的看法和认识。通过对欧洲历史进程的深入解读,巴勒克拉夫从理论前提上完成了对“欧洲中心论”的反思和批判,同时为全球历史观的提出奠定了理论基础。     

“雷海宗与二十世纪中国史学”学术研讨会在南开大学隆重举行

为纪念史学大师雷海宗先生诞辰 1 0 0周年 ,南开大学历史学院、《世界历史》编辑部、《史学理论研究》编辑部联合主办的“雷海宗与二十世纪中国史学”学术研讨会 ,于 2 0 0 2年 1 2月 1 5日在南开大学隆重召开。来自津京等地的历史学家和南开大学历史学院的师生近 30 0人出席了     

《文化研究理论》

<正>何平、张旭鹏著,社会科学文献出版社2014年11月版。该书探讨了作为分析性范畴的"文化"概念在西方和中国语境中的形成与演变,并对全球化时代的"文化杂交"现象与中国古代的"和而不同"观念进行了比较。在此基础上,该书论述了文化与文明教化、文化与人格、文化与现代性和后现代性的关系,并对文化作为一种研究视角在欧洲历史以及一般意义上的历     

反思国际关系史书写中的“欧洲中心论”元叙事

目前西方学界的国际关系史书写中的"欧洲中心论"元叙事,既包含对非西方世界历史地位的忽视和贬低,同时也遮蔽了人们对欧洲或西方历史的准确认知。它笼罩下的国际关系史叙事主要表现出三种偏好:即偏好于主权国家、偏好于体系、偏好于条约。冷战结束后,西方的国际关系史研究中的英国学派,为破除"欧洲中心论"所付出的努力给我们提供了有益的启示,然而,其仍在一定程度上保留着"欧洲中心论"的痕迹。在如何进一步提升国际关系史叙事实践的问题上,应当更多地关注社会的影响与作用;重视非国家行为体的活动;注意国际体系内部的互动与相互影响;处理好国际关系史专题研究与宏观把握之间的辩证关系;克服在资料上片面强调条约和政府档案的倾向。     

略论“全球历史观”

20世纪下半期,伴随着对“西欧中心论”或“欧洲中心论”的批判,学术界出现了一种强调以“全球眼光”审视人类历史的“全球历史观”。这一现象是史学家们对20世纪世界历史变化和史学研究方法进行全面而系统的反思的结果。“全球历史观”的出现反映了学们在新的时代背景下认识历史及其变化的一种新的思维活动,     

略谈苏轼"辞达"说的学术背景

苏轼"辞达"说是在宋初关于"言"与"文"之关系大讨论背景下提出来的。当时围绕对扬雄的评价,形成了两个对比鲜明的文学阵营。苏轼与司马光、王安石甚至乃父苏洵推崇扬雄的观点不同,他继承王禹偁、欧阳修的观点,批判了扬雄式的艰涩险怪文风,弘扬了平易质朴的文风。苏轼的"辞达"说的政治背景是策论考试,文化背景是蜀学,其美学指归是质朴。     

Darwin’s missing links

The historical process underlying Darwin’s Origin of Species (Origin) did not play a significant role in the early editions of the book, in spite of the particular inductivist scientific methodology it espoused. Darwin’s masterpiece did not adequately provide his sources or the historical perspective many contemporary critics expected. Later editions yielded the ‘Historical Sketch’ lacking in the earlier editions, but only under critical pressure. Notwithstanding the sources he provided, Darwin presented the Origin as an ‘abstract’ in order to avoid giving sources; a compromise he acknowledged and undertook to set right in later editions, yet failed to provide throughout the six editions under his supervision. Darwin’s reluctance to publish the historical context of his theory and his sources, particularly sources which were also ‘precursors’, may be attributed as much to the matter of intellectual ownership as science, or even good literary practice. Of special concern to Darwin were issues of priority or originality over ‘descent with modification’ and especially over Natural Selection. Many later historians have argued that Darwin was unaware of the work of his precursors on Natural Selection. Darwin’s theory was an example of independent discovery, albeit along with such obscure precursors as Matthew or Wells, who were unknown to Darwin until after the publication of the Origin. Both Matthew and Wells had a medical education, like James Hutton or Erasmus Darwin earlier in the eighteenth century, or even (in part) Charles Darwin. Evolutionary theory, at least in Britain was a product largely of the medical evolutionists rather than the natural historians which ‘history’ has chosen to select for the focus of attention; and among the medical evolutionists the figure of John Hunter stands out as theorist, experimentalist and teacher: the medical evolutionists were predominantly the product of Hunter’s legacy or of the medical profession and particularly the Scottish Universities. Much recent Darwin scholarship has focused on the private Notebooks, to establish Darwin’s discovery of Natural Selection around 1837–1838 and demonstrate Darwin’s ignorance of his precursors; requiring an explicit acknowledgement by Darwin as the legitimate substantiation of any claim to prior influence. The precursors have been categorized as uniformly obscure or irrelevant to the science of evolution which may be defined exclusively as ‘Darwinian’. The inclination to acknowledge influences, however was not something Darwin was gratuitously given to doing, especially on matters of priority. The Notebooks are not Darwin’s private thoughts; from an early stage he considered them incipient public documents and later sought to protect them as proof of his originality. William C. Wells was not an obscure thinker, but a celebrated scientist whom Herschel, Darwin’s guide to scientific methodology, had recommended as providing a model of scientific method. Darwin discovered Wells through Herschel, and quickly acquired a copy of Wells’ recommended work, no later than 1831, and held it thereafter in his library at Down House. This book, the 1818 edition of Wells’ Two Essays contains a third essay, Wells’ account of Natural Selection. Later, in the Descent of Man (1871) Darwin acknowledged his separate discovery of the correlation of colour and disease immunity in man, also earlier recounted by Wells.     

雷海宗先生与他的体大精深的历史纲要

雷海宗先生是中国现代史学史上一位举足轻重的人物,是他那个时代公认的具有真才实学、学贯中西的饱学之士.他在科研与教学中所表现出来的开阔视野、通达思路、严密学风、深厚的历史感、不大识时务的书生气以及大胆质疑和探索的精神,与他早期所受的高级专业训练不无关系.由王敦书先生整理的雷先生的<西洋文化史纲要>一书,是雷先生未曾公开发表过的世界史研究的重要成果,进一步证明雷先生非同凡响的世界史功力.这是一部体大精深的历史纲要,已完成了难度较大的建构工作.假如填充史料的工序能够完成,必定会成为我国世界史研究的里程碑式的著作.可惜<纲要>始终是一份提纲.造成这种缺憾的原因首先是雷先生个人的选择,其次是历史条件的局限.     

Retheorizing Mana: Bible Translation and Discourse of Loss in Fiji

‘Mana’ has been a key term in anthropological theory since the late nineteenth century, but, as Roger Keesing argued more than twenty years ago, it is necessary to rethink mana theoretically based on its changing usage in Oceanic discourse. Keesing criticized mana's nominalization and substantivization by anthropologists. In this paper I review his criticisms and expand upon his argument, making three related claims based on data from Fiji. First, mana is canonically a verb in Fijian, but contemporary speakers frequently use it in its nominalized and substantivized form. Second, a key reason for this nominalization is mana's use in the Fijian Bible to denote ‘miracles’ as well as homonymous ‘manna,’ the food given by God to the Israelites. Third, in order to understand mana in present‐day Fiji, scholars must consider it in the context of widespread discourse about decline, loss, and diminution.     

‘Fashioned from Nature’

Abstract

This paper examines the situation of the male draper in terms of his relationships to textiles and female customers between the 1870s and the outbreak of the First World War. Drawing on accounts of shop work produced by men employed as drapers and drapers’ assistants, the essay highlights the ridicule levelled against men who sold textiles, their work with fabrics and clothing, as well as the service they provided for an almost exclusively female clientele, being widely derided as unsuitable labour for a man. Analysing three first-hand accounts of the draper’s lot — H. G. Wells’s discussion of his years as a draper’s apprentice in his Experiment in Autobiography (1934); William Paine’s Shop Slavery and Emancipation (1912), based on the injustices experienced by drapers’ assistants; and the diary of a Bond Street draper, Charles Cavers, posthumously published as Hades! The Ladies! Being Extracts from the Diary of a Draper (1933) — the essay shows how social constructions of masculinity framed the draper’s work, particularly the handling of fabrics.     

也说师■鼎铭的“困(韋東)伯太师武”

师■鼎铭"困伯太师武"一句的"困(韋東)"二字,原文写法非常奇怪。裘锡圭先生释为"東(韋東)",读为"范围",认为是遵循、效法之意。本文同意把后一字释为"(韋東)",但把前一字改释为"困"。"困(韋東)"也是遵循、效法的意思。     

The Elephant In and Out of the Room: Remigio dei Girolami’s Responses to Charles de Valois

In November 1301, Charles de Valois, brother of French King Philip IV, entered Florence at the request of Pope Boniface VIII and his Florentine allies. While Charles’ mission was ostensibly peacemaking between Florence’s Black and White factions, in reality his visit led to violence and exile of leading Whites, including Dante. Much of what we know about these events was written in retrospect, from the chronicles of Compagni and Villani to Dante’s Commedia. The Florentine Dominican Remigio dei Girolami, however, preached two sermons that week that provide a more immediate impression. One was given at the official communal welcome ceremony for Charles. The other, one of his sermons De pace, was probably given at a semi-secret peace procession mentioned by Compagni. Rhetorical analysis of these two sermons shows that Remigio tailored his message to his audience. When Charles was present, Remigio diplomatically avoided the subject of factional division, instead advising Charles on his upcoming mission to Sicily (perhaps subtly encouraging him to get on with it and leave Florentine politics alone). In Charles’ absence, however, Remigio obliquely criticized Charles and stressed to his fellow-citizens that, as the sermon’s thema stated, peace was in their power.     

Rumour and politics

This article contends that rumour—the circulation of unverified information —is an important form of political communication which deserves more attention from political scientists. To illustrate this claim a study is made of the part played by rumour in the ‘destabilisation’ of Malcolm Fraser's position as leader of the Liberal Party in August to October 1981. Health is a natural subject of rumour, and rumours about Mr. Fraser's health were used as the basis for speculation about a possible leadership challenge by Mr. Andrew Peacock. The collective character of parliamentary party politics, the artificial nature of media ‘facts’ and the predominance of certain types of news value in the media all encourage such rumours to flourish. The rumours had the effect of destabilising Mr. Fraser's position by creating and then enlarging a climate of uncertainty and anxiety within the Liberal Party and the electorate. Mr. Peacock was thereby enabled to test the strength of his potential support without being obliged to risk an open challenge. The author concludes that the most apt model of rumour to this case is that of ‘milling’, on the analogy of a ‘milling crowd’.     

‘Prevention of evil,production of good’: Jeremy Bentham’s indirect legislation and its contribution to a new theory of prevention

ABSTRACT

This paper critically analyses current depictions of prevention and tries to offer a new theoretical reflection on the concept by reconstructing it on the basis of Jeremy Bentham’s writings on indirect legislation. It is my aim not only to explore Bentham’s concept of indirect legislation as an outstanding example of enlightened social/public policy, but also to show to what extent his thoughts might be a fruitful contribution to a necessary reconceptualization of current conceptions of prevention, which are heavily criticized by many scholars.