援助与限制:苏联与中国的核武器研制(1949—1960)

195 0年代苏联对中国研制核武器表现出一种既要给予援助又要进行限制的复杂心态 :中苏军事同盟的存在决定了苏联必须在核武器方面帮助中国 ,提供核保护或者核技术 ;由于赫鲁晓夫在政治上有求于中共 ,苏联不断地提高对中国核援助的层次和力度 ,而这是中国能在短短十年内制造出原子弹的重要原因之一 ;赫鲁晓夫在内心深处对毛泽东的不信任 ,特别是中苏在核战略和核政策以及处理国际事务等方面的分歧不断显露 ,构成了苏联核援助的限度和制约条件 ;中苏关系刚出现一丝分歧的迹象 ,苏联首先关闭的就是核援助的大门。     

动向

“无核世界”的愿景 美新一轮核战略限定了美国诉诸核打击的条件，反映了奥巴马的承诺一试图建立一个无核世界。同时也表明了美国对他国减少或停止发展核武器的希望     

试论周恩来民间外交思想

作为新中国外交工作的奠基者、决策人和实践家,在长期领导、从事民间外交的实际工作中,周恩来不断总结其中的经验教训,提出了一系列重要的思想观点和理论原则,初步形成了一个既有中国特色又能充分反映他个人风采的民间外交理论体系。他指出,民间外交工作的范围很广,国际经济、科     

艺术与魅力:外交大家周恩来

正在中国,周恩来几乎是总理的代名词。提起他,人们心目中总会浮现殚精竭虑、鞠躬尽瘁的形象。同时,他还是20世纪最伟大的外交家之一,在担任总理期间分管新中国外交工作26年,到他逝世前,总共有107个国家与中国建交,其中包括美国和日本;他提出的和平共处五项原则、求同存异等外交思想至今仍在指导中国的外交工作;在长期的对外交往中,他机智幽默的外交智慧令全世界为之钦佩。2016年是周恩来总理逝世40周年,外交无小事,重温周恩来的外交智慧,既是一种缅怀,也是为了让今天正在走向世界舞台的中国能够从中汲取营养。     

读者来信

正《文史博览》2016年第6期我最喜欢读的文章是《艺术与魅力:外交大家周恩来》。周恩来总理对于我们这个年纪的人来说真是人人皆知。他对中国人民真是鞠躬尽瘁,死而后已。同时他还是20世纪最伟大的外交家之一。在担任总理期间,分管新中国外交工作26年,就有107个国家(包括美国和日本)与中国建交。他提出的和平共处五项原则,求同存异等外交思想至今仍然指导中国的外交工作。他机智幽默的外交智慧令全世界敬佩。2016年是周恩来总理逝世40周年,我们缅怀他、永远铭记他。(湖南郴州市白云金)     

中国战略核武器发展与美国早期ABM部署计划

1964年10月,中国爆炸了第一枚核装置,1966年10月又成功试射了第一枚带有核弹头的制导导弹,自此进入拥有战略核武器的国家行列。中国战略核武器的发展引发了美国约翰逊和尼克松两届政府任期内的ABM部署纷争,并最终在“威胁预期最大化”原则和“限制伤害”理论的指导下部署了美国早期的ABM防御体系。     

近10余年周恩来与新中国外交研究述评

作为新中国第一任总理兼外交部长,周恩来直接领导新中国外交工作长达26年,他为中国与世界的和平事业作出了不可磨灭的杰出贡献。本文就自1997年以来周恩来与新中国外交这一研究领域的国内外主要研究成果和现存问题做一简要评述。一、近10余年出版的相关图书概况自20世纪90年代中后期至今,国内外先后出版了一批关于周恩来与新中国外交的图书,这些图书大致可以分为三类:     

从中日关系正常化看周恩来与新中国外交的历史性转折

从中日关系正常化看周恩来与新中国外交的历史性转折刘建平在新中国对外关系史的研究领域里,发生于１９７２年的中美、中日关系改善等外交事件一般在“打开新局面”、“取得新发展”、“实现新突破”的意义上受到评价。追究起来,这种评价应当说是基于如下的认识,即中美...     

周恩来在外交领域的杰出贡献

正国务院原副总理、我国外交战线的杰出领导人钱其琛曾这样评价周恩来在新中国成立初期的外交成就:"称周恩来同志为新中国外交的创始人、奠基者,他是当之无愧的。"的确,在新中国成立初期的外交领域,从确定方针政策到培养干部,从设立机构到建立制度,及至礼宾、调研等工作,周恩来总理都抓得很具体。也正是在他宵衣旰食的辛勤努力下,新中国建     

外交舞台的幕后故事：我所亲历的礼宾工作（上）

编者按：在新中国波澜壮阔的外交事业中,被称为“中国对外窗口”的外交部礼宾司见证了我国外交史上一个个重要时刻,扮演着非常重要的角色。因时刻要同国内外高层领导人打交道,在普通人眼中,礼宾工作被蒙上了一层神秘的面纱。本期,外交部礼宾司原代司长鲁培新先生,通过回忆他所亲历的礼宾工作,以及对尼克松访华等一系列重大事件背后历史细节的深层披露,来记录在周恩来总理等中央领导人的亲切关怀下,外交部礼宾司在我国外交事业中所作出的重要贡献。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.