日本对德结盟述论

尽管日本的对德结盟政策实施于20世纪30、40年代,但日本的对德结盟论出现在19世纪末、20世纪初,它经历了三个阶段。日德同盟的建立经历了准同盟时期和同盟时期。在日德同盟构建前后,从结盟的角度来看,日本存在着另一种结盟构想:利用德国与苏联的关系,调整日本与苏联的关系,如果有可能,缔结日苏同盟,从而进一步缔结更大的日德意苏四国同盟。     

试论浿水之战对5世纪初朝鲜半岛政局的影响

公元395年,高句丽与百济在溟水发生大规模战斗,对5世纪初朝鲜半岛政局产生深刻影响.首先,高句丽彻底占领汉江以北地区,有利于高句丽南进政策的进一步实施,也为迁都平壤创造了条件;其次,百济对高句丽的政策从以一国对抗高句丽转变为与他国结盟共同对抗高句丽,并与觊觎朝鲜半岛的倭结盟,共同对抗高句丽.此外,新罗面对严峻形势,实行...     

日英同盟解体的原因及其对日本的影响

《四国协约》生效后日英同盟协定自动失效,同盟宣告解体。从表面原因来看,日英同盟解体是日美矛盾发展到军备竞赛的激烈程度致使美国成压力图与美国保持友好关系的英国放弃与日本的结盟,以避免英美之间直接军事冲突的结果。但从根本上来说,任何两国之间的国家利益不可能长久地保持一致并维持永久性同盟关系,从这个角度出发,审视同盟的解体则是日英两国的国家利益产生矛盾和冲突,以致在同盟范围内无法进行协调的结果。本文即从日英同盟解体的根本原因入手,分析了同盟解体及其对日本产生的影响。     

1936—1941年日本对德政策及其影响

1936—1941年,日本推动对德结盟政策的中心目标是为了实现独霸中国和向太平洋地区扩张。本文深刻地揭示日本对德政策发展演变的轨迹,展现日本对德军事同盟政策的本质特征,并深入研究日本在"南进"和"北进"的战略转换过程中,谋求对德结盟的利益最大化,并通过实证分析,论证日本对德结盟政策中的"竞争"、"对抗"心理,从而说明帝国主义间结盟的利益至上原则。同时,还对日、德、意、苏"四国军事同盟"构想及其演变过程进行考证,指出1941年的《日苏中立条约》实质是该"四国军事同盟"构想的一个畸变。这可以全面透视20世纪三四十年代日本推动对德结盟政策变化的动因和措施,以及对远东国际关系产生的重大影响。     

蒋介石对日德意三国同盟的反应

抗战初期国民政府对结盟问题的理论推断,以"英法苏合作"和"民主国阵营获胜"为前提。由于1939年夏《苏德互不侵犯条约》的签订和1940年春英法在欧战中的溃败,这两个前提一时消失,并带来众多变数,致使蒋介石在对外政策上陷入观望和动摇。1940年9月日德意三国同盟诞生后,围绕中国的国际形势开始好转,但因为苏联的取向未明,蒋喜忧交加,故其初期因应系以中立谋左右逢源。其后,随着对德苏关系及英德战局观察的深入,蒋引导中国外交重返首重美国、促进中美英苏抗日合作的路线。在针对日德意三国同盟的多边外交中,蒋以国际形势压日本接受公正和平的尝试受挫,但其他方面均获基本成功。     

日本为什么要挑起二战

日本挑起二战,配吗?为什么它这么不知死活?这是因为,一战后的国际关系对它不利。在华盛顿体系下,最失落的是日本。1902年英、日结成同盟,这对日本的好处是大大的。日本人自己都说,感觉就像佃农的儿子过继给了地主。日本当时的国力还不如大清,能跟横行300年的老牌帝国结盟,日本能不感觉自豪吗?而且,这是英国第一次跟外国结盟,英国向来是不跟任何国家结盟的。     

19世纪末20世纪初英德由接触到对抗的原因分析

19世纪末20世纪初,英德两国共同面对着"一个新的、改变了的世界"。新形势下,两国分别对各自的外交政策进行了调整。从本国利益出发,它们都提出了与对方结盟的要求,并为此做了一些努力。但是,由于双方根本利益的冲突、结盟要求的差异、海军谈判的搁浅和英日同盟的缔结,两国最终由接触走向了对抗。     

百年前中德美差点结成三国同盟

正19世纪末,随着世界殖民地的瓜分殆尽,西方列强的矛盾日深。1882年,德奥意三国同盟形成。英国则与法、俄结成协约国。1902年,英国又与日本结盟,在远东找了一个"小弟"。而德国人的设想则更大胆,打算与中美结成同盟,抗衡英国。1906年秋,德国皇帝威廉二世亲自召见了清朝新任驻德公使孙宝琦,讨论结盟事宜。但此事被汇报到慈禧那里,慈禧认为与     

甲午战争后日本亚洲主义演变的两个特征

甲午战争后,日本民间为对抗美欧扩张在华权益而提出旨在与中国等亚洲国家间提携甚或结盟的亚洲主义论调,在其嬗变过程中存有两个明显的特征:一是至太平洋战争爆发前紧随局势变幻而频频翻新名称和言说;一是始终未变其国家利益至上的实质,及为主流意识形态和对外政策所不屑的边缘地位。     

中苏在1958年的关系为何降到冰点

在半个多世纪的冷战历史中,中苏关系经历了结盟(1949-1953)、蜜月(1954-1957)、分歧(1958-1960)、破裂(1960-1964)、对抗(1964-1979)以及走向正常化(1980-1991)等不同阶段,其中真正构成政治、军事同盟关系的时间不过十余年。无论如何,到1960年苏联撤退在华苏联专家、中苏分歧公开化时,中苏同盟解体的命运实际上已经注定。     

冷战时期美国对埃塞俄比亚的政策演变——以卡格纽通讯站为中心的历史考察

冷战两极格局的形成促使美国把非洲之角纳入其大中东战略,并选择与埃塞俄比亚结为军事防御联盟,其中作为主要纽带的卡格纽通讯站就是两国关系的晴雨表。美国政府主要根据对该基地的战略需要程度决定对埃塞俄比亚军事援助的规模与速度。而埃塞俄比亚皇帝塞拉西以稳定政权统治及应对周边威胁为根本目标,将之视为向美国索取更多军事援助的筹码。随着美苏关系的缓和、卫星技术的突破以及迪戈加西亚军事基地的兴建,卡格纽通讯站的作用迅速下降,美埃(塞)关系处于崩溃边缘。然而,由于苏联大规模介入非洲之角以及埃塞俄比亚革命的爆发,美国转而强调埃(塞)的地缘战略意义,并在加速运送已承诺的军事援助基础上采取了观望政策。最终,门格斯图革命政权因意识形态以及急需大量武器以应对来自厄立特里亚和索马里的威胁,而选择了苏东集团,与美国的联盟关系随之破裂。     

20世纪40-50年代美国对中国西藏政策的历史演变

The U.S. policy toward Tibet has always changed in accordance with the U.S. international strategy and the U.S. foreign policy toward China. Before the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, the U.S. admitted Chinese sovereignty over Tibet. During the Cold War, due to its anti-communism strategy, the U.S. began to consider recognizing the independence claim of Tibetan separatists, especially after 1959, when the Dalai Lama was exiled abroad. However, the U.S. government has not openly admitted Tibet is an independent country, because, in the light of the historical development of Tibet within China, claims of independence cannot be substantiated and therefore Tibetan separatism cannot win the recognition or support of the majority of countries in the world.     

The China factor in US alliances in East Asia and the Asia Pacific 1

Any discussion of the United States' alliances in East Asia and the Pacific should include an understanding of the role that China plays in regional security in general, and the influence of such a role on the alliance system in particular. The 'China factor' in the contemporary US alliance system can be understood by asking the following questions: (1) what are China's perceptions of and concerns regarding the US alliance system as a whole and regarding specific bilateral military alliances of the US?; (2) where does China figure in the American post-Cold War worldview, and what role does the United States itself see its alliances playing in relation to China?; (3) to what extent are the current bilateral alliances of the US directed against China, in the view of US allies; and (4) how might the reshaping of the international security environ ment following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States affect China's perceptions and attitudes towards future alliance developments?     

对《范登堡决议案》的历史思考

《范登堡决议案》是美国大西洋联盟政策中的重要一环,在战后初期美国外交中发挥了重要作用。该决议案所确立的一些政治原则,如联合国框架下的"区域性安全"与"独立和集体自我防御"原则、"自助与相互援助"原则,成为大西洋联盟政策所尊奉的圭臬,对美国外交政策、国内政治实践、美欧联盟关系等,均产生了重要影响。但是,《范登堡决议案》也加剧了美国外交政策中的冷战对抗性;从长远看,《范登堡决议案》导致了美国内政外交的不稳定发展。     

China's weapons trade: from ships of shame to the ethics of global resistance

China is among the largest exporters of arms to the developing world and is often criticized for exacerbating violent conflicts in Africa. This article examines geopolitical tensions surrounding some of China's most controversial weapons alliances, rethinking the role of the global media, state leaders and non-state actors in forming fragmentary movements of 'resistance'. Focusing on the tensions around a shipment of Chinese arms to Zimbabwe during a period of mid-election repression and violence in 2008, this article is a media content analysis on the debates about diplomacy, arms embargoes, regime violence, protests against the Beijing Olympics, and efforts by China to counter western critics. The article argues that more rigorous diplomatic efforts to block the weapons were required and that the moral and political hazards of unreflexive foreign policy analysis emboldened the Chinese authorities' denial of their responsibilities. Beyond the case of Zimbabwe, we suggest that a deeper and wider understanding of 'geopolitical resistance' against violence is vital.     

'Our Spanish Brothers' or 'As at Plombieres'? France, The Legacy of Resistance and the Spanish Opposition to Franco, 1945-1948

The case of French relations with the semi-Fascist regime ofGeneral Francisco Franco of Spain after the Second World Waroffers historians the opportunity to explore various influenceson French foreign policy. This article examines France’sofficial policies towards the Spanish anti-Franco oppositionas an example of the impact that the legacy of the Resistancehad on postwar foreign affairs. Yet the French Foreign Ministryonly reluctantly embraced the Resistance vision of universalrepublicanism in Europe. Rather, the importance of keeping Frenchpolicy in line with that of the Western Alliance consistentlyshaped policy towards various Spanish groups. The result wasa significant Franco-American-British effort to unite the anti-Francoopposition in Spain 1945–1948 but one that was easilyabandoned once it proved impracticable. Resistance ideas ofa renewed foreign policy following liberation were thus limitedby the importance the government attributed to alliance politicsin the emerging Cold War atmosphere.     

金融危机下的“美国留学热”及其发展趋势

金融危机爆发后,为增加学校收入和刺激消费,美国政府和大中学校采取各种措施吸引中国学生赴美留学,中国掀起了留学美国的新一波热潮,留美学生人数直线上升。受美国政府、学校积极推动和人民币升值等因素的影响,这股美国留学热将持续升温,且呈低龄化趋向,但留学移民难度会有所增加。美国留学热对中国社会的影响将日益扩大,应引起有关方面的高度关注。     

Strategic Alliances in Action: Toward a Theory of Evolution

The popularity and prevalence of strategic alliances for problem solving has been well documented in research on the corporate sector and public policy. However, there has been limited work to date on building a comprehensive theory about the evolutionary process of alliances. The purpose of this article is to synthesize current research on alliance development in order to develop a model of strategic alliance evolution. The theoretical model is built with ideas from prior research as well as findings from our own recent research on alliances in education. We conducted a national study of strategic alliances in charter schools focused on uncovering the process of evolution—including how alliances are initiated, operated, and evaluated—and the various internal and external factors that influence alliance development and progress. Our findings offer a model of strategic alliance evolution and provide direction for future research.     

美国现代城市规划思维理念体系及借鉴与启示

从美国城市规划发展的历史过程入手,重点论述了美国现代城市规划思维理念体系,包括城市规划的编制、管理、实施、监督等各方面,在此基础上,提出了适应我国社会主义市场经济的城市规划发展的借鉴、启示、建议。     

持久的不均衡:战后美日、美韩联盟比较研究

美日、美韩联盟自其在冷战中形成以来,便在美国的亚太联盟战略考量中具有不均衡的地位。美日联盟长期以来是美国亚太战略的核心,具有更高的战略和政治价值,而美韩联盟则更多的是一种军事联盟,主要目的是为了对付直接的军事威胁。缘此,在后冷战时代,美日、美韩联盟继续呈现出不同的演变方式,美日联盟继续深化扩展,而美韩联盟则表现出越来越漂移不定的状态。