汉阳陵出土陶质文物保护研究

汉阳陵出土万余件文物中,陶质文物占有很大的比例,但由于这些文物深埋在泾河渭河之间盐碱土壤中2000多年,受损蚀严重,我们在分析陶质文物主要病害、病因、结构特点,特别是粉彩陶颜料成分、特殊结构的基础上制定出以下保护程序:清除粉彩俑表面泥土→固色松土清除硬质泥土→有机硅对颜料进行预加固→用多层纸张贴敷法脱盐→用HFW保色剂保色→作隔离层、环氧树脂粘接→ATK面团修补残缺→用丙烯酸酯渗透加固和表面保护,取得了粉彩层牢固、色彩鲜艳耐久的保护结果.     

秦俑二号坑出土一件彩绘跪射俑的保护修复

本研究针对秦俑二号坑出土的一件彩绘跪射俑进行了保护修复,是在考古出土现场保存状况、文物病害及病害机理科学分析的基础上进行的现场保护与实验室保护修复。现场保护重在稳定文物状态和应急处理;实验室保护则依据文物保护程序进行保护修复,在进行文物表面清理工作后,使用AC33(丙烯酸乳液)及PEG200(聚乙二醇)加固彩绘层,使用环氧树脂对陶俑进行了粘接修复,收到了良好的效果。此彩绘陶俑的保护修复工作可为以后大型彩绘文物的保护修复提供参考和借鉴。     

有机-无机复合疏水型二氧化硅涂层制备及性能

为研究制作保护石质文物的加固材料,采用溶胶-凝胶法,以两种有机硅材料(正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES))为共同前驱体,少量正辛胺为催化剂,聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)(方法 1)或硅烷偶联剂KH-570(方法 2)为有机改性剂,制备了有机-无机复合疏水型Si O2涂层。通过红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和水接触角(WCA)来表征在砖块表面形成的SiO_2膜层化学组成、表面形貌以及疏水性能,然后再通过测试砖块加固前后外观、吸水性能和孔隙率的变化来验证实际加固效果。结果表明,两种方法均可以制备骨架带-CH3基团的SiO_2溶胶。采用方法 1(添加前驱体质量10%的PDMS)或者方法 2(MTES/TEOS质量比为2),加固后的砖块对水接触角均超过140°,毛细吸水率降低到未处理时的1%~2%,并且砖块的色差和光泽度改变较小。通过耐候性能测试表明,方法 2的保护效果相对较好,说明用此种方法合成的疏水性二氧化硅涂层可以作为砖块加固材料。     

对明代廖纪墓出土彩陶粉彩层的保护

通过对廖纪墓出土彩陶粉彩脱落原因和颜料成分分析,在多次实验的基础上,筛选出适宜的固色剂。经使用ＰＥＧ增加颜料致密性后再固色的保护方式,使固色后的粉彩层表面不泛光泽,平滑,触摸不掉色,保持了器物色泽的原貌,达到了保护粉彩层的理想效果。     

用电子束辐照加固秦俑彩绘

为有效加固秦俑彩绘,选择单体渗透、电子束辐照加固方法进行保护。在最佳辐照加固条件：以2-羟基甲基丙烯酸乙酯为单体,用1MeV2．0mA 60kGy电子束辐照可有效地加固秦俑彩绘层。加固后的陶俑表面没有出现光泽,彩绘层颜色鲜艳如初,生漆层、颜料层也再无起翘、脱落现象,干燥、自然。     

含氟聚合物用于陕西户县出土新石器彩陶的保护研究

为对陕西户县大王镇庙底沟遗址出土的新石器时代的彩陶进行保护,在用X射线衍射测得表面风化物的成分及对彩陶含湿量测定的基础上,用不同浓度(30％、20％、10％、5％)四元含氟共聚物(F4-SS)溶液进行加固防护处理,观察加固后彩陶的外观颜色,机械强度、吸水性的变化。结果表明,用F4sS溶液加固处理后,彩陶的机械强度显提高,外观颜色没变化,孔隙水蒸气通道无影响;5％-25％F4-SS用于酥松彩陶加固保护、5％-10％F4-SS用于硬质彩陶的表面防护处理,效果显。说明F4-SS可推广应用于其他彩陶的保护。     

河南省储备局四三一处国库唐墓发掘简报

郑州市文物考古研究院在河南省储备局四三一处国库工地发掘了二座唐代墓葬,其中一座墓的器物组合完整,时代特点明显,对研究唐代早期粉彩俑有一定的参考价值。     

一件馆藏唐代天王俑的保护修复

此件唐代天王俑长期保存在陕西历史博物馆的库房中,近期发现其出现了不同程度的损害病变。针对此件俑表面污垢、结晶盐、断裂等病害状况,保护修复主要包括表面清理、粘结、脱盐、作色等手段,使该俑在保持历史真实性的同时也具有更好的展示效果。     

无地仗层彩绘保护技术研究

为克服古建筑木构件上无地仗层彩绘保护的两个技术难点;彩绘加固,以防颜料脱落;防止彩绘表面易发黑,影响彩绘的色泽。本工作以常熟彩衣堂彩绘保护实例,采用先封堵木材中的纤维孔隙,再用改进的B-72配方(在配方中,加入了紫外线吸收剂,木材中油溶性成分固定剂PM-1,抗静电剂,防污剂SL等)进行化学加固处理,较好地克服了上述技术难点,为古建筑木构件上无地仗层彩绘的保护探索出了一条新途径。     

天然树脂加固淹埋木质文物

为了对剑川海门口遗址出土的古思茅松进行实验性加固保护,对古思茅松进行草酸脱色、甲醇溶剂脱水,然后使用松香和虫胶的甲醇溶液作为加固剂进行渗透、干燥等加固工序。加固后的样品表面色泽浅淡,保持了木材原有的色泽、纹理和质感。基本密度达到0.437g/cm3,已接近现代木材的基本密度。顺纹抗压强度较加固前增加了24.58%。绝干状态时测得的各向全干收缩率分别为:纵向2.22%、径向3.54%、弦向7.73%,均在正常木材干缩变化范围之内。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究表明:天然树脂附着在细胞壁表面,对细胞壁起到了足够的支撑作用,加固后的木材细胞壁切面平整、致密、轮廓清晰,胞壁间界面结合好,细胞腔较光滑。研究表明,本加固方法能有效降低木质文物的吸湿性、提高其各项物理力学性质。当木质文物需做其它处理时只需用甲醇或乙醇将松香和虫胶溶出即可,加固过程可逆,这解决了木质文物将来的再处理问题。     

三门峡彩绘陶器保护浅析

在中华民族的文明史上,陶器是先民们遗留下来的最宝贵的财富之一。陶器的制作经过长期的发展,不同时期、不同地域的器物无论造型、装饰等,都具有各自的特点。彩绘陶器的出现则把陶器的装饰工艺推倒了一个新的高度。 三门峡出土的彩绘陶器主要是战国、汉唐及宋代的实物,到目前为止,累计有近百件。其特点是在烧好的陶器（陶胎的火候一般较高）上,用红、黄、白、黑等矿物颜料绘出多种装饰图案。虽然用色仅有几种,但由于对色料的运用及图案的设计比较协调和自然,产生了强烈的艺术效果,是研究历史文化不可多得的实物资料。但是,这些彩…     

Detection of chloride from pottery as a marker for salt: A new analytical method validated using simulated salt-making pottery and applied to Japanese ceramics

Salt is an essential mineral in the human diet, and ancient peoples obtained salt either directly from rock salt, from salt lakes, or by concentrating saline waters from salt springs or seawater in pottery vessels. However, because sodium chloride, the major component of salt, is soluble in water, it has been thought unlikely that any trace of salt would remain in the pottery after a long period of time. A new methodology for retrieval of water-insoluble (retainable) chloride ion trapped within a pottery matrix is presented as a method for detecting previous use of the pottery for salt making. Simulated salt-making pottery was used to make salt by repeatedly boiling seawater over a fire. After chloride had been extracted with distilled water, to mimic the removal of chloride by natural waters such as rainwater and groundwater, an aqueous ammonium fluoride solution was shown to be capable of extracting chloride ions remaining in the pottery. A chloride-selective electrode was used to quantify the amount of extracted chloride in the presence of fluoride. This method was then successfully applied to excavated Japanese pottery vessels suspected of having been used for making salt. Identification of retainable chloride in pottery can offer insights into salt trading networks, which reflect the growth and affluence of an ancient society.     

INVESTIGATION ON ROMAN LEAD GLAZE FROM CANOSA: RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES*

Five sherds of green glazed pottery excavated at Canosa (Apulia) in Italy have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The aim of the investigation was to determine the chemical composition of the glazes and thus obtain information on the methods used in their production. The glazes were all of the high‐lead type, coloured green by the addition of copper. Intermediate layers, observed at the interface between the glaze and body and giving the appearance of an applied white slip, were the result of the crystallization of lead feldspar from the molten glaze. Non‐calcareous clays were used in the production of the pottery bodies. Concentration profiles from the glaze exterior to the body suggested that the glazes were produced by applying a suspension consisting of lead oxide plus silica to the bodies. On the basis of the glaze and body compositions, it is suggested that the Canosa glazed pottery was produced locally.     

Firing Techniques of the Impasti from the Protohistoric Site of Concordia Sagittaria (Venice)

⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy provided relevant information on the firing techniques employed in manufacturing concotto and coarse pottery, two types of fired clay mixtures (impasti) of the protohistoric settlement site of Concordia Sagittaria. The firing techniques of Concordia were reconstructed by comparing the Mössbauer patterns of the artefacts with those of the local raw clays fired in the laboratory. The concotto was produced in kilns by firing clay mixtures under oxidizing conditions at 700–1000°C, or at lower temperatures in the open air. The firing of these clay mixtures containing mainly ground pieces of waste pottery, resulted in hard and variously coloured construction materials, particularly suitable for humid environments. In turn, the coarse pottery was produced by firing clay mixtures more homogeneous than those used for the artefacts of concotto. The firing of coarse pottery was performed under reducing conditions at about 900°C with a final exposure to air by opening the hot kiln. Light and agreeable coarse pottery, with a red surface on the grey-black core, was obtained when the effective temperature of air was higher than 500°C.     

可溶盐NaCl和CaCl2对陶质文物的酥粉作用

研究可溶盐NaCl和CaCl_2复合盐破坏陶质文物过程中作用本质,在复合盐溶液的平衡结晶相分析基础上,分析陶质样品中可溶盐溶液的吸收和水分蒸发速率变化,以及采用超景深显微系统、扫描电子显微系统等检测可溶盐NaCl、CaCl_2和复合盐溶液对陶质样品的破坏过程和作用。结果表明:陶质样品破坏的本质在于可溶盐结晶受力过程中微裂纹的扩展和贯通,在环境相对湿度变化引起裂纹扩展贯通过程中,陶质样品表面逐层粉化脱落,质量、形貌和强度都发生着一定程度的改变,其中NaCl结晶体对陶质样品产生的作用力较大,破坏性最强,而NaCl溶液中加入的CaCl_2延长了盐结晶所需要的时间,间接地阻碍了NaCl的结晶析出,反而对陶质样品起到了一定的保护作用。研究结果为进一步酥粉陶质文物的保护研究提供科学依据。     

Preliminary Characterization of Pottery by Cathodoluminescence and SEM–EDX Analyses: An Example from the Yeha Region (Ethiopia)

Yeha was a political and cultural centre of the Ethio‐Sabaean culture (D’MT) in northern Ethiopia and southern Eritrea. Part of the archaeological research deals with pottery of local, regional and imported origin. The research—investigations and examinations—tries to classify local pottery in two ways: first, by analysing the mineralogy of the temper using light microscopy and cathodoluminescence; and, second, by analysing the main element composition of the clay matrix using a scanning electron microscope with energy‐dispersive X‐ray detection (SEM–EDX). The cathodoluminescence shows that the temper material has differences in the colours of feldspars with a similar mineralogical composition. The results demonstrate that the pottery was produced by using local material that originates from various sources in the Yeha region and that the same raw materials were used in different types of pottery.     

Radiocarbon pottery dating: the chemical compounds of organic fractions, the reliability of 14C dates (preliminary results)

In recent times, a large number of radiocarbon dates appeared for the Southern Neolithic on the basis of pottery dating because other organic matter has practically not been preserved. There are two organic fractions of pottery useful for dating: food residues and carbon from the pottery matrix itself. Food residues are often dated, but this material is not always preserved and is prone to being removed during the cleaning of the pottery. The clay mass of the pottery contains carbon, often directly visible upon breaking of the pottery. The article focusses on determining the chemical composition of the organic fractions in the pottery and the origin of the carbon. For this aim we used the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method to identify the chemical compounds in the food residue and in the pottery matrix. As an example we used pottery from the Neolithic sites: Zamost??e (Central Russia) and the Varfolomeevskay sites (Southern European Russia, Low Volga region) from archaeological collections. The results obtained demonstrate that the food residue and the pottery matrix contain practically the same organic compounds, even if the relative abundances of various compounds are different in these materials. The origin of the carbon from pottery is discussed.     

夹砂陶器掺合料的初步研究

夹砂陶是陶器中非常重要的一个品种,特别是作为炊煮器是古人生活中不可或缺的日用器具。对夹砂陶器中掺合料的研究能够反映当时夹砂陶的制作工艺,也可以用来探讨掺合料的来源以及当时手工业分工以及产品的流通等问题。为此,本研究主要利用显微共聚焦拉曼光谱分析等技术手段对河南灵宝西坡遗址出土夹砂陶器中人工分离出的掺合料进行了初步分析,讨论了其中掺合料的类别、所占比重及来源。结果表明,西坡遗址出土的红褐色夹砂陶中掺合料的矿物成分主要以长石、石英、云母为主,而对样品及砂粒的称重结果表明,一些样品所用掺合料的比重可达20%左右。同时,对该遗址出土石料的分析表明,石料的物相组成与掺合料相似。另外,结合对良渚古城遗址夹砂陶器的分析结果,提出古代夹砂陶器的掺合料很有可能一部分来自于当时石器和玉器等加工废料的论断。研究成果为今后有关陶器掺合料的研究提出了新的方法和思路,同时也为探讨古代手工业生产的专业化模式提供依据。     

几种商用保护材料对模拟秦俑陶胎的加固和防盐风化性能研究

目前对古代陶胎的研究多集中在加固材料的筛选及其保护效果评估上,普遍缺乏深入的保护机理的研究,尤其保护材料对陶胎盐风化的影响及其机理研究在国内更是罕见。因此,本实验选用TEOS(正硅酸乙酯)、Paraloid B72和WD10对模拟古代秦俑陶胎进行了加固和防盐风化保护研究。重点观察了不同材料处理后陶胎样品表面盐结晶的形貌,并对其形成机理进行了探讨。最后对Paraloid B72在耐盐实验中出现的保护性破坏现象给予关注。结果显示,TEOS处理后陶胎的抗压强度得到提高,但对陶胎的耐盐性能没有改善;Paraloid B72处理后,陶胎颜色加深,耐盐实验中处理陶胎出现了严重的盐风化。WD10处理后陶胎的耐盐性能显著增强。对盐结晶的微观形貌研究初步揭示,保护材料能够对陶胎表面进行改性,不同的憎水性和渗透性会显著影响盐结晶的微观形貌,进而会带来不同类型的盐风化。本研究结果启示文物保护工作者必须深入了解各种保护材料的优缺点,根据被保护文物的具体实际需求,慎重开发和选择保护材料,以避免保护性破坏现象的出现。