1878年"林肯县战争"与"比利小子"

1878年发生在新墨西哥领地内的“林肯县战争”,是美国西部开发时期一次非常重要的牧区战争。它的爆发不是偶然的,有着深刻的政治和经济原因。这次长达5个月的流血冲突,是圣菲集团支持下的墨菲派与竞争对手麦克斯温—滕斯托尔派争夺对林肯县经济和政治控制权的必然结果。战争结局实质上是一种政治分赃,确保了墨菲家族在林肯县的垄断地位。“比利小子”在这场流血冲突中只不过是麦克斯温—滕斯托尔派雇用的一名枪手,但在后来的许多传说中,他却成了“林肯县战争”的主角。一个多世纪以来,关于“比利小子”的历史著作、小说、电影、歌曲和传说不计其数。“圣徒比利”取代了“魔鬼比利”,“林肯县战争”却被人淡忘了,即或有人偶尔记得它,也是从“比利小子”的出场背景中得知的,“林肯县战争”的真相则完全被“比利小子”的传说湮没或扭曲了。     

Review Article: The Military Orders in War and Peace

MALCOLM BARBER. Crusaders and Heretics, 12th-14th Centuries. Aldershot, UK: Variorum; dist. Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing, 1995. Pp. x, 289. $77.50 (US);

MALCOLM BARBER, ed. The Military Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick. Aldershot, UK: Variorum; dist. Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing, 1994. Pp. xxvii, 399. $99.50 (US).     

David and Hazael: War,Peace, Stones and Memory

Abstract

This paper reexamines the rise and fall of two regional empires: the Israelite kingdom of David and Solomon, and the Aramaic kingdom of Hazael and his son Bar-Hadad III. The author presents a comparison between these two regional empires, discussing the following main points: the rise to power of the founders: David and Hazael and their charismatic character; their wars and peace treaties; the boundaries and the administrative organization of these two empires, and the decline and fall of the kingdoms in the days of the founder's sons: Solomon and Bar-Hadad III. The author is of the opinion that the existence of a regional empire in the days of Hazael and his son is of great significance for the reality of the empire of David and Solomon, since the former clearly proves that in certain geopolitical circumstances the making of a regional empire that controlled most of the area between the Euphrates and Philistia was entirely possible. The phenomenon of the Aramaean regional empire of Hazael and his son does not prove the existence of an Israelite regional empire, but it indicates that the biblical account of the rise and fall of an Israelite empire in the days of David and Solomon was possible, and even reasonable.     

Dixie's Power in War and Peace

Book reviewed:
Joseph A. Fry. Dixie Looks Abroad: The South and U.S. Foreign Relations , 1789 – 1973.     

Policing the Desert: The IOM in Libya Beyond War and Peace

The war that took place in Libya in 2011 forced 1.5 million people to leave the country. Many of them, from sub‐Saharan Africa, were helped to return to their countries of origin by the International Organization for Migration (IOM). This paper questions the purely humanitarian nature of the IOM intervention with references to its activities before and after the conflict. It shows that this organization has long participated in the implementation of European migration policies in Libya, and more widely in the Sahara, without being accountable to any people. Through the replacement of local politics by international crisis management, the Sahara is gradually integrated into a zone of international bureaucratic expedience. War and humanitarian intervention appear as contingencies in the progressive implementation of a global system of surveillance, spatial control and management of mobility in Africa.     

Crusader Diet in Times of War and Peace: Arsur (Israel) as a Case Study

This paper puts forward an archaeozoological analysis of two sizeable animal bone assemblages from the thirteenth‐century Crusader town of Arsur (Israel). Each represents a distinct behavioural practice, one of meat eaten in peaceful times and the other of meat consumed under stressful conditions while preparing for and undergoing a siege, when consideration was given to factors of benefits and space. Our results show that the faunal remains from before and during the Mamluk siege enunciate differences of subsistence and identity at the site at two different times and under diverse conditions.