唐三彩的仪器中子活化分析其在两京地区发展轨迹的研究

本文采用仪器中子活化分析技术测定四个主要的唐三彩窑遗址(河南黄冶窑、陕西铜川黄堡窑、长安礼泉坊窑、河北邢窑)以及墓葬、建筑遗址出土唐三彩胎的元素组成,分辨了不同产地唐三彩胎的元素组成差别。而且,本文综合考古资料、实验数据的统计学处理结果,将唐三彩在盛唐时期的发展历程划分为两个阶段,大约以公元705年(武则天退位)为界。前一阶段的唐三彩属于白胎类型,制作中心集中在洛阳地区,唐三彩器主要由黄冶窑制造,大型唐三彩俑由洛阳地区(包括黄冶附近)未被发现的窑场制作。后一阶段唐三彩的制作中心向长安地区转移,该中心的重要产品是红胎唐三彩,同时可能采用外来的原料制作白胎唐三彩,洛阳地区作为唐三彩的另一个制作中心同时存在。进而论证唐三彩器和唐三彩俑存在两个相对独立的发展轨迹。     

Study on the compositional differences of Tang Sancai from different kilns by INAA

Many kinds of Tang Sancai specimens were excavated in the Shaanxi and Henan Provinces. However, the provenances of some kinds of Tang Sancai have not been well identified until now. In order to group the Tang Sancai specimens of the unknown provenance to the respective kilns according to their chemical compositions, we studied the element abundance patterns of different kiln's Tang Sancai samples by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). Our experimental results indicate that the differences of the element abundance pattern of the studied specimens from different kilns are significant. The separation is clear on the basis of factor analysis mainly using the contents of 13 elements, i.e. Ce, Nd, Eu, Yb, Lu, Ta, Th, Sc, Cs, La, Sm, U and Tb. The composition database of the Tang Sancai body samples from different kilns has been set up and can be used for the identification of the unknown Tang Sancai samples. The result also implies that similar raw materials have been used for Tang Sancai production at different kilns and the technical exchange between those kilns during the period of Tang Dynasty.     

印尼“黑石号”沉船及其文物综合研究

"黑石号"沉船出水了大量中国唐代中晚期的瓷器和一些金属器等,为海上丝绸之路的重要物证。通过对长沙窑瓷器、越窑青瓷、白瓷、绿彩瓷器、金银器、铜镜的造型、装饰及图案等的解读,阐述了中国唐中晚期外销瓷器的总体情况和所包含的文化交流内涵,分析了外销对中国部分窑口瓷业生产的影响。对采集到的两件白瓷标本进行了X射线荧光光谱元素组成分析,探讨了外销白瓷可能的产地。论文也就沉船可能的出发港和目的港进行了讨论。     

南朝“贡瓷”考——兼论早期“官窑”问题

"贡瓷"及与其相关的"官窑"制度是中国古代瓷业生产中的重要学术问题。文物考古界一般认为,中国的"贡瓷"制度开始于唐代,烧制优质"贡瓷"的"官窑"制度则始于晚唐或宋代。然而,近年来在湖南湘阴窑和南京发现的"太官"、"供奉"、"上府"铭瓷器标本证实,"贡瓷"制度最迟开始于南北朝时期。湘阴窑址出土的刻有多种瓷业工人姓氏及"官"款的窑具资料可能还把中国烧制"贡瓷"的"官窑"制度开始的时间提前到南朝或隋代。     

试述东北地区出土的金代瓷器

东北地区金代墓葬、城址、窖藏出土瓷器的类型主要包括定窑及本地窑场生产的白瓷(土产白瓷)、磁州窑风格的白地黑花瓷器、耀州窑青瓷、景德镇青白瓷器、黑(酱)釉瓷器、钧釉瓷器、翠蓝釉瓷器等。土产白瓷及白地黑花瓷的大量发现表明缸瓦窑、冮官屯窑等东北窑址在金代有新的发展,外来瓷器的大量输入则体现了金代东北与内地间的经济文化交流。     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF TANG SANCAI POTTERY GLAZES FROM GONGYI KILN,HENAN PROVINCE AND HUANGBAO KILN,SHAANXI PROVINCE

Through the use of MC–ICP–MS, this study analyses the lead isotope ratios of 19 Tang Sancai pottery glazes unearthed from the Gongyi and Huangbao kiln sites. According to their different lead isotope ratios, the two kilns can be grouped separately. The research also suggests that the Gongyi and Huangbao kilns are independent production centres of Tang Sancai in the Tang Dynasty. The data from the Huangbao kiln indicates that the lead in the glazes originates from the Northern China geochemical province, while the data from Gongyi kiln suggests its source as the Yangtze geochemical province. Furthermore, the results obtained for the Tang Sancai pottery indicate that the lead sources for glaze making of these two kilns were very consistent, which suggests that lead isotope analysis could be a helpful method to identify the kilns producing Tang Sancai artefacts.     

A TECHNOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF NINTH–TENTH CENTURY AD ABBASID BLUE‐AND‐WHITE WARE FROM IRAQ,AND ITS COMPARISON WITH EIGHTH CENTURY AD CHINESE BLUE‐AND‐WHITE SANCAI WARE*

Eight sherds of ninth–tenth century ad Abbaesid blue‐and‐white glazed earthenware, excavated in 1931 at Hira in western Iraq, were analysed using, variously, quantitative wavelength‐dispersive spectrometry (WDS) and energy‐dispersive spectrometry (EDS) in association with scanning electron microscopes (SEM), and semi‐quantitative X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). In order to compare the compositions of the cobalt pigments used, the glazes of seven complete vessels of eighth century ad Chinese Tang blue‐and‐white sancai were also analysed semi‐quantitatively using XRF. The Abbasid wares were shown to have used traditional Mesopotamian alkali–lime glazes applied to calcareous clay bodies. Half the glazes examined were opacified with tin oxide. Three types of blue decoration (i.e., raised; spreading; and flat, non‐spreading) were produced using a variety of formulations, including a mixture of cobalt pigment with lead oxide. The sources of the ores used for the cobalt pigments have not been identified. However, the analytical data showed that the cobalt ore used for the Abbasid blue‐and‐white ware could be distinguished from that used for the Tang blue‐and‐white sancai by its higher iron content and by the presence of a significant amount of zinc. The use of cobalt‐blue decoration on the ninth–tenth century ad Abbasid ware was anticipated in China by eighth century ad Tang blue‐and‐white sancai wares. However, whether its introduction by the Abbasid potters should be seen as an independent invention that followed the introduction of tin‐opacified glazes in Iraq, or whether it was influenced in some way by Chinese originals, is still unresolved.     

河南巩义窑、河北邢窑出土瓷器的原料来源研究——以北朝和隋唐时期出产的青瓷、白瓷为例

为探讨河南巩义窑、河北邢窑出土的不同时期青瓷、白瓷的原料来源,用显微观察、电子探针(EPMA)等手段,分析其原料来源及技术工艺进行分析,并探讨两窑之间的技术联系。分析可知,两窑在瓷釉、瓷胎的原料配置上存在差异:巩义窑瓷胎均使用当地高岭土一元配方,瓷釉中加入瓷胎原料为基体并加入高钙草木灰;邢窑瓷胎在使用当地高岭土的基础上加入长石类矿物原料,瓷釉中除瓷胎所使用的黏土以外,还加入含有高钙高镁的草木灰或矿物原料。两窑还存在一些共性如:两窑瓷釉均添加石英类原料以提高SiO_2含量;巩义窑与邢窑两地早期、唐中期产品形制相似,原料配方有共通之处,说明当时两地在陶瓷的原料配方、制瓷技术中有过交流。     

湖北秭归望江古墓群发掘简报

湖北秭归望江墓群是三峡库区一处以晚唐北宋为主并可早到六朝前期的墓群。墓群以小型土坑墓为主,并有少量土洞墓,中型墓均为砖室或石室墓。瓷器是望江墓群的主要随葬品,器形包括碗、罐、壶等十多种,并有青、青白、黑、白等多种釉色,分别来自湖南长沙窑、武昌青山窑及四川地区的窑场,表明中唐以后迄宋代,三峡地区经济有了很大发展,与外界的经济化交流已很频繁。     

STUDY ON THE PROVENANCE OF XICUN QINGBAI WARES FROM THE NORTHERN SONG DYNASTY OF CHINA

The Xicun kiln in Guangdong Province was a famous porcelain kiln in the Song Dynasty of China, and for years there has been controversy over the provenance of Xixun Qingbai wares. This paper analyses Qingbai samples from the Xicun, Hutian (Jingdezhen) and Chaozhou (Guangdong Province) kilns by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence probe (EDXRF). The analytical results indicate that wares with a thin body excavated from the Xicun kiln site were produced in the Hutian kiln, and wares with a thick body were locally fired in Xicun; the contents of trace elements (V, Rb, Ba, Ta, Pb and Th) and the Nb/Ta ratio can be used to discriminate the products from the Xicun and Chaozhou kilns.     

越窑瓷器装饰艺术之研究

本文对唐、五代、北宋时期越窑瓷器的装饰艺术作了系统分期,并对典型器物的纹样及与金银器的关系作了一定的论述。     

NON‐DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF ‘ORIGINAL’ SONG DYNASTY GUAN WARES AND LATER IMITATIONS FROM THE PALACE MUSEUM COLLECTIONS,BEIJING

Fifty‐eight porcelain samples in Guan ware style from the collections of the Palace Museum in Beijing were analysed using non‐destructive ED‐XRF. These included 40 vessels that were traditionally ascribed as Guan wares of the Song Dynasty, and 18 vessels traditionally ascribed as imitation Guan wares, made during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The purposes of this study were: (1) to cross‐check the traditional identification of these wares with the new classification based on their chemical compositions; and (2) to carry out a provenance study of the authentic Song Guan wares—that is, to compare the chemical compositions of the authentic Song Guan wares with those of the shards unearthed from the known Guan ware kilns of the Song Dynasty. This study shows that: (1) the chemical compositions of the glaze are significantly different between the Song Guan wares and the imitation wares—among the 58 wares tested, seven are likely to have been misidentified by the traditional method; and (2) the glaze compositions of the authentic Song Guan wares themselves are not homogeneous, and they can be divided into three groups. The provenance of these groups was briefly investigated.     

湖田窑考古新收获

本文着重介绍了景德镇湖田窑元代遗址最新考古发掘的材料,并通过对这些新材料的研究,认定湖田窑址所代表的窑场可能是元代浮梁磁局所属的官府瓷器作坊之一.除日用瓷外,建筑用瓷也是其主要产品。在釉色品种上,有青白釉器.卵白釉器、白釉器、黑釉器、青花、釉里红和低温彩瓷等。     

A study of the glazing techniques and provenances of Tang sancai glazes using elemental and lead isotope analyses

This study discusses the elemental compositions and lead isotope ratios of Tang sancai glazes unearthed from the Huangpu kiln, Huangye kiln and two Tang sancai tomb sites. The various glazes feature distinct lead isotope ratios and trace element characteristics, which can be interpreted as evidence for the use of different lead ore deposits and siliceous raw materials in the glazes. This is a strong indication that lead isotopes combined with trace element analysis could be used as a viable approach for identifying the provenance of Tang sancai of unknown origin by linking them to kiln sites, This provenance technique could be significant in the interpretation of ancient ceramic trade and communication patterns. In this study, the provenance of several Tang sancai glazes of uncertain origin were determined using this method: some Tang sancai wares unearthed in Xi'an City were produced in the kiln near Luoyang City and then traded to Xi'an City, providing an idea of ancient Tang sancai ceramic trade routes.     

A Study on the Elemental Composition of Chinese Mise Type Wares from Different Periods and Kilns

A large number of porcelain shards were unearthed at the Hehuaxin and Silongkou kilns around the Shanglin Lake, Ningbo, China, some of which had clear stratification to enable the determination of the date of firing. With the purpose of studying the elemental composition in different cultural periods and between kilns, the chemical compositions of 43 typical shards from these two kilns were determined by energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The results show that the mean contents of K₂O, CaO and MnO in the glaze fluctuate in different cultural periods at the Hehuaxin kiln, but not systematically. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that samples from the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song dynasty are similar to each other. This shows continuity in the raw materials and firing technology between the two dynasties. Comparing the mise type wares from the Hehuaxin and Silongkou kilns in the Northern Song dynasty, we found that MnO and ZrO₂ in the glaze can be used as fingerprinting elements to distinguish between samples from these two sites. In spite of this, their chemical compositions are broadly similar. Thus, perhaps, their chemical compositions can be taken as typical for those of the mise type wares produced around the Shanglin Lake.     

越窑秘色瓷及相关问题

秘色瓷本是晚唐时期越窑贡瓷的名称,其性质是贡瓷。秘色瓷之得名与釉色相关。作为贡瓷,秘色瓷由“贡窑”所出,在今天的研究中,也可物化体现为越瓷精品。根据法门寺塔地宫出土材料讨论秘色瓷问题,必须纳入贡赋、库藏制度,不可脱离具体的历史背景割裂认识并刻意渲染。     

论唐代高僧游徙的空间分异

唐代佛教僧侣常云游四海 ,或拜师访学 ,或传教弘法 ,本文通过详细的统计数字和独到的统计分析方法 ,探讨了唐代高僧游徙的空间分异特征及其前后期的变迁 :唐前期 ,高僧徙居他乡大体遵循就近和面向长安、洛阳二京的规律 ,京师长安是最大的高僧聚集地 ,河北、陇右和岭南三道则是高僧游徙的发散区域 ;唐代后期 ,高僧徙居他乡大体以面向江南西道和长安、洛阳、五台山以及就近驻锡为原则 ,河北、陇右和江南东道是高僧游徙的发散区域 ;其他各道亦各有特点 ,且前后不同     

巩县窑早期白瓷综述

早在北魏时期巩县窑已经开始烧制白瓷,这是白瓷烧制的萌芽时期.隋至初唐,巩县窑的白瓷进入成熟期,大量白瓷制品是供大众日常生活用的较粗放产品,其中一些精细的白瓷被作为外贸和宫廷贡品.巩县窑烧制的白瓷,也和其他陶瓷品种一样,有一个由粗到精,产生与发展的过程.     

唐宋之际南方的白瓷生产与青白瓷的产生

本文结合考古学与陶瓷工艺学的成果,在梳理唐宋之际南方白瓷生产情况的基础上,认为青白瓷起源于南方地区早期的白瓷生产,并不是仿照青白玉的结果。青白瓷的产生体现了南北瓷业技术的结合,繁昌窑可能是最早大量生产青白瓷的窑场。     

古陶瓷科学技术研究在科技考古中的三例应用

利用多元统计分析方法研究了从杭州古中河南段采集的月白釉瓷片,浙江临安天目山地区发现的黑釉瓷片和景德镇历代青花瓷片的胎、釉化学组成和青花色料的变化规律。从而讨论了杭州古中河南段采集的瓷片可能就是凤凰山下万松林附近的修内司官窑制品;指山临安天目山地区新发现的窑群和黑釉瓷才是名副其实的天目窑和天目瓷;发现了元代以及明初洪武和永乐朝青花瓷所用的料可能是来自西域的进口料,而宣德青花瓷所用的色料多数可能是国产的粘土矿。