十年来湘西北地区史前考古收获

近十年来,湖南省考古所(省博物馆)、常德市文物工作队及湘西北地区各县市文物部门密切配合,对澧水流域及沅水流域下游进行了大量的考古调查、勘探和发掘工作,本地区考古材料的研究也取得了很大进展。本文即是对此工作的初步总结与分析。一、旧石器时代遗址普遍发现及文化类群的确立1987年以前,湖南省的旧石器时代考古发现仅湘南桂阳(秋口)洞一处。在87年以前,湖南旧石器时代考古研究是一个薄弱环节。自1987     

沅水下游旧石器第二次调查报告

本文介绍了沅水下游１４个旧石器地点的地理环境及石制品概况。这些地点一般位于河流的二～三级阶地上,新出石器属于华南砾石石器传统。石制品有石核、石片和石器（含使用石片）,石器有砍砸、尖状、刮削器及石球等。打制方法以锤击法为主,极个别的由砸击法打制而成。时代为旧石器早期后段至旧石器中期,地质年代为中更新世至晚更新世早期。     

简述甘肃旧石器时代遗址的文化内涵

1920年．由桑志华和德日进等在华池县境内发现了我国第一件旧石器标本,确认我国有旧石器文化遗存。学术界普遍认为,中国化石人类与旧石器时代文化的研究,是从甘肃庆阳出土第一件旧石器而肇始的。随后的八十多年中．在全省各地发现了众多旧石器时代遗址（地点）,时代包括从早期到晚期。还有最晚期即由旧石器向新石器时代过渡阶段。由于材料比较分散,发表的论文也不集中。故把这些材料集中于此文,并将笔者的认识和对遗址的探讨阐述如下。     

驮娘江流域发现的旧石器

进入二十一世纪以来,在旧石器研究的领域,学术界都时刻关注着广西在这方面的工作进展。2005年至2006年,广西文物考古研究所组织相关单位对南宁至百色高速公路工程建设涉及的百色旧石器时代遗址群、洛湛铁路涉及的梧州市木铎冲旧石器时代遗址进行了抢救性考古发掘,成果显著,使其再次成为国内外关注的热点地区。此篇文章是广西的同仁们在2010年结合全国第三次文物普查,对驮娘江流域进行的一次史前文化专题调查的基础上撰写而成的。驮娘江是右江的主要支流之一,在驮娘江流经的田林县,过去曾发现多处石器时代的遗址,并对其中的两处遗址进行了考古发掘,出土了一批旧石器时代的文化遗物。此次专题调查共发现58处史前文化遗址或地点,其中旧石器遗址或地点34处(14处分布在田林县,20处分布在西林县),新石器遗址或地点24处。在这篇文章中,作者从发现的34处旧石器遗址中择其有代表性的18处进行了介绍,并对该流域的旧石器共同特征进行了归纳总结,同时对上、下游旧石器上存在的一些差别也进行了分析,并对产生这些差别的因素作了初步分析。最后通过对遗址断面、文化遗存的内涵以及石器的的制作方法的分析,推测此类遗址的年代为旧石器时代晚期。此次调查发现的旧石器通过...     

沈阳市康平王立岗窝堡东山旧石器地点发现的石器研究

近年来,沈阳旧石器考古调查成果逐渐填补了沈阳地区旧石器地点的空白,这些新发现与晚更新世古生物化石一起,为复原沈阳地区晚更新世的面貌提供了重要的材料.2011年4月,吉林大学边疆考古研究中心和沈阳市文物考古研究所组成旧石器考古调查队,对沈阳市的康平和法库两县进行了为期15天的旧石器考古调查.本次调查在秀水河和辽河的Ⅱ、Ⅲ级阶地上,共发现旧石器地点14处,石器1029件（极少部分出在地层内）,其中包括石片、石核、一类工具（石锤、石砧）、二三类工具（刮削器、尖状器和砍砸器等）,可以分为大石片石器、小石片石器和细石叶三个工业类型.年代跨度为距今3万年至1万年,相当于旧石器时代晚期至新旧石器时代过渡阶段①.王立岗窝堡东山旧石器地点即为其中一处石器较为丰富、具有代表性的地点.该地点发现石器75件,大多采自地表耕土层.     

试论我国旧石器文化中的砍器传统

本文根据近年来广西、湖南、湖北、安徽等南方省区发现的旧石器材料,提出并论证早在旧石器时期,我国南方已存在着一个不同于北方文化体系的砾石石器/砍器文化区.这就从文化的起源点上揭示了中国文化的博大精深和南方文化的源远流长.中国的旧石器时代考古,如果从法国神父桑志华在甘肃发现3件石核和石片算起,已经有了60多年的历史.随着遍布全国各地的旧石器遗址和地点的发现,对我国旧石器时代文化面貌的研究也逐步深入.过去一般认为,我国的旧石器时代文化属于石片石器文化传统.然而近年来在南方发现的一批旧石器地点,却表现出一种与以往大多数旧石器文化,主要是北方的旧石器文化不同的面貌.这就是以用砾石制作的砍器为代表的文化.本文称之为“砍器传统”.     

(氵舞)阳河，喀斯特地貌中的玉飘带

(氵舞)阳河风景名胜区在贵州东部西起黄平旧州东至镇远城东月亮湾之河段,全长95公里,流经黔东南所辖的镇远、施秉、黄平三县境内。风景区的面积625平方公里,分为上(氵舞)阳和下(氵舞)阳两个部分。"上(氵舞)阳看山,下(氵舞)阳看峡"。下(氵舞)阳是精华所在。下(氵舞)阳包括施秉县境内的诸葛峡及镇远县境内的龙王峡、西峡和东峡,全长50公里,这一流域的地表和地     

试论小空山下洞旧石器遗址的年代

1980年,南阳地区文管会、中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所在南阳地区进行旧石器时代文化调查时,在南召县小空山下洞发现了旧石器。同年,他们对该洞进行了试掘,共得石器及石料102件。关于下洞旧石器遗址的地质时代问题,有两种意见:一、认为下洞所出的石器属于旧石器时代是毫无疑问的,但由于在堆积中未见化石,故其地质时代还是定为更新世为宜。二、通过对其石器的分类、洞穴高程的分带规律以及小空山遗址所处的地理位置等三点证据的研究,将小空山下洞的旧石器遗址定为旧石器时代早期,地质时代为更新世中期。     

从考古学看原始、古代社会——《新朝鲜史入门》第二章(节译)

一、旧石器时代在解放后的朝鲜半岛,考古学研究的最大课题之一,是旧石器时代的存否问题。由于朝鲜考古学者的积极探索,一九六三年,在北部咸镜北道雄基郡屈浦里,旧石器文化被首次确认下来。翌年,在距屈浦里西北约五公里的地方,鲋浦里遗迹也开始引起人们注意。与此同时,在咸镜北道花台郡长德里发现了猛犸象的骨化石。这些都为研究旧石器文化开辟了道路。在南部,于一九六四年在忠清南道公州郡石壮里发现了旧石器,此后连年对其进行发掘     

鸽子洞遗址时代的再研究

一、绪言鸽子洞是辽宁省首次发现的旧石器文化遗址,也是东北地区旧石器时代中期代表遗址。1973年和1975年,曾对该遗址进行过两次发掘,1975年发掘的材料尚未发表,根据1973年的报告,发现旧石器68件、哺乳动物化石22种及人类用火遗迹。初步认为该遗址的年代为“旧石器时代早期向中期过渡时期,     

Palaeoecology and palaeoenvironment of the Jurassic Talbragar Fossil Fish Bed,Gulgong, New South Wales,Australia

BEATTIE, R.G. & AVERY, S., December 2012. Palaeoecology and palaeoenvironment of the Jurassic Talbragar Fossil Fish Bed, Gulgong, New South Wales, Australia. Alcheringa 36, 451–465. ISSN 0311-5518.

The Talbragar Fossil Fish Bed has produced a significant number and variety of insect fossils, including the orders Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Plecoptera, Odonata, Neuroptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Mecoptera. Hemiptera are the most common insects. Coleoptera are both common and diverse. Both orders include terrestrial and aquatic species. The other insect orders represented are less common. Many of the insect fossils discovered were previously unknown in the Australian region during the Jurassic, and the new records extend their palaeogeographic range into southeastern Gondwana. A recent collection of insects, fish, coprolites, gastropods, bivalves, bark, leaves, fruiting bodies, burrows and other ichnofossils supports a model of a shallow-water-lake palaeoenvironment at the northern end of the deposit, grading to a shoreline palaeoenvironment towards the southern end of the deposit. The existence of a productive lake supporting a large population of fish and a diverse, aquatic/shoreline and terrestrial woodland fringe palaeoecosystem, dominated by insects and woody plants, is demonstrated. There is no evidence of tetrapods. The Talbragar Fossil Fish Bed has similarities to Type A and B Mesozoic lake deposits reported from Transbaikalia. Culicimorph pupae are numerous and may have filled a significant niche near the base of the aquatic palaeoecosystem. Other immature aquatic insects are rare. The generally articulated nature of the fossil insects is interpreted to have resulted from a sudden but low-energy burial event.     

Prehistory in the northwest tropical Pacific: The Caroline,Mariana, and Marshall Islands

The earliest identified settlement is in the Marianas, dated to about 3500 B.P., while the other islands in the region appear to be settled from about 2000 B.P. onward. The archaeological remains reveal diverse approaches to island living. While Nan Madol and Leluh in the eastern Carolines are major architectural achievements, a discussion of these sites does not detract, for example, from the terrace systems of Palau or the lattestone groups of the southern Marianas. Of equal interest is the settlement of atolls and their recently recognized potential for preservation of stratified deposits. As information allows, each island or group is considered on an individual basis in order to allow for each specific island context to be assessed. This is described within the broader themes of architecture, chronology, environment, material culture, settlement pattern, social organization, and subsistence. In conclusion, the current standing of prehistory in the region is outlined in relation to early settlement, environment, social organization, chronology, settlement pattern studies, portable material culture, subsistence, and atolls. Finally, suggestions for the future are made.     

‘They'd Rather Go Play Footy’: an Exploratory Study of the Enjoyment and Benefits of the Arts in Western Australia's Remote Murchison Region

The role of the arts in the revitalisation and strengthening of Australia's rural, remote, and Indigenous communities has been of particular interest to Australian State and Federal Governments, as reflected through various policy and positioning documents. In order to understand the relationship between the arts and communities, it is important to explore why people engage in the arts and what might be some of the barriers to that engagement. For the rural, remote and Indigenous communities of the Murchison Region, the arts has been a useful way of reaching and engaging with residents to build a stronger sense of community, provide light relief and entertainment, and facilitate communication among community members, government, and industry. However, there are several barriers that impact on the viability of arts projects. These barriers are amplified in rural and remote areas, and particularly for the three case study communities of the Murchison Region for a number of reasons. These include the transient nature of the population, a lack of resources, isolation and remoteness, and local politics, culture and history. The arts can provide a context in which other non‐arts related outcomes, such as health, capacity building, income generation, and so on, are facilitated and achieved. It is important for policy makers to recognise and address the barriers which hinder activity and serve to lessen the impact of the arts on communities.     

MARGINS AND MONSTERS: HOW SOME MICRO CASES LEAD TO MACRO CLAIMS1

How do micro cases lead us to surprising macro claims? Historians often say that the micro level casts light on the macro level. This metaphor of “casting light” suggests that the micro does not illuminate the macro straightforwardly; such light needs to be interpreted. In this essay, I propose and clarify six interpretive norms to guide micro‐to‐macro inferences. I focus on marginal groups and monsters. These are popular cases in social and cultural histories, and yet seem to be unpromising candidates for generalization. Marginal groups are dismissed by the majority as inferior or ill‐fitting; their lives seem intelligible but negligible. Monsters, on the other hand, are somehow incomprehensible to society and treated as such. First, I show that, by looking at how a society identifies a marginal group and interacts with it, we can draw surprising inferences about that society's self‐image and situation. By making sense of a monster's life, we can draw inferences about its society's mentality and intelligibility. These will contest our conception of a macro claim. Second, I identify four risks in making such inferences — and clarify how norms of coherence, challenge, restraint, connection, provocation, and contextualization can manage those risks. My strategy is to analyze two case studies, by Richard Cobb, about a band of violent bandits and a semi‐literate provincial terrorist in revolutionary France. Published in 1972, these studies show Cobb to be an inventive and idiosyncratic historian, who created new angles for studying the micro level and complicated them with his autobiography. They illustrate how a historian's autobiographical, literary, and historiographical interests can mix into a risky, and often rewarding, style.     

地理学视角下的集体记忆研究综述

集体记忆植根于人、空间(地方、景观)、时间,是地理学研究人地关系的重要视角与手段。本文从理论渊源、研究内容、方法等对国内外相关文献进行梳理,提出地理学视角下的集体记忆研究框架。研究立足于集体记忆主体、载体和机制三方面,以空间、地方、景观、仪式、旅游等为主要研究对象,关注现象背后的政治性、竞争-协商性以及利益主体,个案研究为主,案例类型较为丰富,方法上定性为主,鲜有定量研究及相关模型构建。相比国外研究热潮与成果,国内研究仍处于萌芽起步与概念引入阶段,未来可拓展集体记忆载体形式的研究,深化集体记忆机制即人地关系层面,加强实证与量化方法应用。     

Appreciating the heterogeneity in the unity of Africa: A socio‐ecological perspective on Africa's geographies

The African continent is known by various metaphors and geographies, but for many there are also unknowns about the continent. Geopolitically, Africa is a continent that is considered remote—an economically emerging continent seen as entangled in persistent challenges of wars, political dictatorship, poverty, disease, and more recently migration. Given these predispositions it is typical to stereotype events, practice, and behaviour as “African.” There is, however, now recognition of the continent as emerging economic power house. But unpacking the diversity of Africa reveals a huge potential with respect to resource endowments, diversity of ecology, socio‐cultural economic advancement, politics, language, and demographics. Colonial history coupled with traditional Africa shaped the geopolitical boundaries that have added to the confusion about this massive and diverse continent. Intellectual discourses either amplify the differences due to specificities of geographical focus or generalizations such as the contested notion of “African.” However, using socio‐ecological lenses, Africa is unified by these very differences in addition to being a massive landmass with several big and small island states. Appreciating these differences is useful to understanding the observed patterns of social, economic, and political systems that unify the continent. This paper illustrates the notion of “African” to describe the heterogeneous nature of a “unified” continent. Some illustrative examples between Africa and other continents are used.     

The American Constitutional Order: History,Cases, and Philosophy

Abstract

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Drache, Daniel, ed. Getting on Track: Social Democratic Strategies for Ontario Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press 237 pp., $44.95, ISBN 0-7735-0895-3 Publication Date: February 1992

Lord, Carnes and David O'Connor, eds. Essays on the Foundations of Aristotelian Political Science Berkeley, CA: University of California 255 pp., $45.00, ISBN 0-520-06711-8 Publication Date: August 1991

Wolfson, Robert J. A Formal Lexicon for the Social Sciences Gainesville, FL: Florida Atlantic University Press 159 pp., $29.95, ISBN 0-8130-0978-2 Publication Date: December 1990

Hunt, Robert P. and Kenneth L. Grasso, eds. John Courtney Murray and the American Civil Conversation Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans 298 pp., $21.99, ISBN 0-8028-05388 Publication Date: 1992

Grey, Thomas C. The Wallace Stevens Case: Law and the Practice of Poetry Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 155 pp., $24.95, ISBN 0-674-94577-8 Publication Date: August 1991

Baker, C. Edwin Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech New York: Oxford University Press 385 pp., $39.95, ISBN 0-19-505777-5 Publication Date: 1989

Sheldon, Garrett Ward The Political Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 174 pp., $28.00, ISBN 0-8018-4142-9 Publication Date: July 1991

Post, Robert, ed. Law and the Order of Culture Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 202 pp., $9.95, ISBN 0-520-07337-1 Publication Date: 1991

Walsh, David After Ideology: Recovering the Spiritual Foundations of Freedom Scranton, PA: HarperCollins 296 pp., $29.95. ISBN 0-06-069263-4 Publication Date: 1990

The following correspondence was written in response to Marshall L. DeRosa's article, “The Second Amendment and American Federalism: A View from the States,” published in the Spring 1993 (vol. 22, no. 2) issue of Perspectives on Political Science.     

Artifacts that speak for themselves: Sounds underfoot in Mesoamerica

Previously overlooked in archaeological research, natural sounds emitted from the underground affect humans and culture. In this paper, it is suggested that noises generated by subterranean ground movement, water, wind, and wildlife are a reason why residents in Mesoamerica perceive caves, waterholes, limestone sinks, and mountains as sacred. Too, a mental grasp of the sounds, conceptualized as anthropomorphized voices and music, may have been employed as an ideological basis for authority in Maya society. Support is shown using examples of ethnohistory, ethnography, and archaeology. Called for is the systematic collection and study of underground sounds, as artifacts, to define the noises as possible use determinants in ritual venues and settlement sites. Their potential importance as early warning devices for destructive agents in the natural environment suggests that an understanding of the noises and their regard by residents in the region could contribute to theory-building in anthropology, particularly in issues of human-environment relations, and sociocultural development.     

Blue governmentality: Elemental activism with conservation technologies on plundered seas

For the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, the atmosphere and ocean are channels for movement that are to be used and overcome in direct actions to protect marine environments. To accomplish these missions, they deploy a fleet of ships, helicopters, and drones that intervene to stop violations of conservation laws. In this way, oceanic elements—waves, winds, icebergs, and storms—mediate conservation and conservation technologies. The elements and the technologies that Sea Shepherd exploit both inhibit and make conservation possible.This paper argues that the drone is an exteriorization of the human body whose liberatory potentials are mediated by the atmosphere and ocean. Through ethnographic, textual, and videographic analysis, this article explores blue governmentality—how the azure sky and cyan ocean and the technologies that flow through these elements at once afford and constrain the control of biopower. Understanding blue governmentality means appreciating how the elements mediate movement, communication, and life itself. It requires comprehending how technologies emerge from the body, extend political intentionality, work across the elements, and network with other technologies. This article challenges conservation geography to see governmentality not as a totalizing force but one that is tempered by elemental mediations, technological affordances, and human fallibility.     

Sleepwalking through History: Medicine,Arts, and Courts of Law

Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, has always been of interest to theologians, writers, philosophers, physicians, and others fascinated by unusual behaviors. This parasomnia, which was defined less precisely in the past than it is today, has long been featured in medical dissertations and books of medicine. Further, Shakespeare, Bellini, and Brown, among others, incorporated it into their plays, operas, and novels. Because some somnambulists turned violent and committed other acts detrimental to society, sleepwalking also demanded attention from legal systems, and guidelines were set for whether somnambulists could be held responsible for their actions. This historical review focuses on these developments pertaining to somnambulism through the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries.