Physical Geography and the Geographic Thought Course

The positioning of residential fieldwork early in students' higher education is an established way of attempting to build and engage them in a community of learning. In the study reported here, the benefits of such early residential fieldwork were investigated using Krausse and Coates's seven scales of engagement. These scales consider a number of key indicators – specifically transition, academic, beyond-class, peer, staff–student, online and intellectual engagement. Data on these scales were collected via questionnaires completed by groups of students who did and did not attend such a residential fieldwork event, both before and after the event. A Wilcoxon test of these data showed significant increases in peer and student–staff engagement in the post-fieldwork group only. A Kruskal–Wallis analysis provides evidence that students who had been on residential fieldwork became more involved in a community of learning with both their peers and virtual communities than those who had not. These results support the hypothesis that early residential fieldwork is an effective way of engaging students new to higher education in a community of learning.     

“了解之同情”与人地关系研究

一、一种研究范式的分析：人地关系演变的“三阶段论” 人类活动与地理环境之间的关系(简称“人地关系”)及其演变过程与规律,长期以来一直是地理学、环境科学、生态学和历史学等学科研究的重要课题。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,各个学科均逐步形成或正在形成有关人地关系研究的某些“范式”(或“范型”,paradigrm)或“共识”。人们普遍相信：人地关系是人类起源以来就存在的客观关系,地理环境与人类社会均处于不断运动变化而又相互影响、相互制约当中。人地关系的演变是一个漫长的历史发展过程,这一过程大体经历了三个阶段：     

Disease, Social Identity, and Risk: Rethinking the Geography of AIDS

The emergence of new diseases and the re-emergence of 'old' diseases necessitates a relook at what shapes vulnerability to ill health. A framework is proposed that combines a realist approach to mapping vulnerability with feminist and post-structural approaches that focus more attention upon the role of social identities and cultural framings of disease. Too often investigations of disease focus either upon structural determinants of risk such as political policy and the economy, or on discursive definitions of disease that impact its experience. A combination of these approaches would result in a more effective framework for evaluating vulnerability, and subsequently for generating effective disease prevention strategies. The social, economic, political, and cultural context of HIV/AIDS in Malawi is given as an illustration of this framework.     

宋代的常州——城市形态与科举的地理阐释

两宋时期,常州科第极为发达。宋人往往将之与州城内的后河相联系,从地理术数的角度给予解释。这种科第与地理术数相关联的解释分4个阶段逐渐被塑造出来,分别为:缘起于庆历三年李余庆"开河"的相关言论;崇宁初年知州朱彦疏浚河道,邹浩撰文确立关联性;淳熙十四年知州林祖洽修浚河道,陆游、邹补之进一步阐发;咸淳三年史能之修浚河道,王应麟撰文力图超越地理术数的范畴,以更符合一般的儒家理性。后河与常州科举兴衰的关联性解释,在实质上是主持修浚河道的官吏,为平衡各方利益之冲突,借来动员地方的有效信仰资源。     

清代以来西辽河流域人地关系的演变

本文考察了清代以来 30 0余年间西辽河流域行政格局、人口、土地利用、动植物等人地关系要素的变化 ,并得出四个主要结论 :1行政交错格局的变化使流域农业人口增加并确立了以农业为主的生产方式 ;2清代以来政府实行的移民开垦政策是流域人地关系恶化的主导因素 ;3牧民游牧生活方式的转变是流域人地关系恶化的重要因素 ;4气候和土壤条件是区域农业开发后流域人地关系加速恶化的基本因素。     

The Man-Nature Relationship According to the Data of Historical Geography and Ethnology (Landscape and Ethnos,X)

The establishment of a new ethnos, or ethnic community, is attributed to a burst of energy or an innate drive that enables members of the community to break with past traditions and behavioral patterns and to begin building a new set of values distinguishing the new ethnic group from others. The ethnos is viewed as both a social and a biological phenomenon, with the social aspect represented by the group's relations with other groups and institutions and the biological by the behavior of the ethnos as a biological population. The innate drive exhibited by ethnic groups in the early stage of ethnogenesis is viewed as a biological feature. In general this drive is fostered by the practice of endogamy, but there are situations in which an ethnically mixed community, resulting from exogamy, also generates the energy required to initiate the process of ethnogenesis. Although the existence of the ethnic drive can be demonstrated by reference to history and historical geography, an explanation of this form of energy must be left to genetics and anthropology.     

The Heat and Water Balance of the Earth's Surface,the General Theory of Physical Geography and the Problem of the Transformation of Nature

Two Soviet specialists in the geography of the United States analyze regional shifts in terms of the three major regions distinguished by Soviet geographers: North, South, West. The article, written before the 1960 census, is based largely on the Statistical Abstract of the United States for 1959 and earlier years as well as Current Population Reports. Problems of urban growth are also discussed, including traffic problems and population shifts to the suburbs.     

Interdisciplinarity,Participatory Learning and the Geography of Tourism

This article outlines an interdisciplinary course in the geography of tourism. It examines interdisciplinarity and its relationship to geography and the study of tourism, and presents an outline of the course, its conceptual basis, its structure and its goals. It argues that participatory learning and problem-solving activities are crucial to successful outcomes, and that, as a result, interdisciplinary courses can be instrumental in motivating students to become involved in social practice.     

论民主集中制中民主与集中的关系

民主集中制是党和国家的根本制度,认清民主和集中的辩证关系至关重要。民主集中制中的民主的功能和目的包含集思广益和利益协调两个方面。民主集中制中的集中则主要表现为人民群众个人对多数人意见的服从,对整体意志的服从,对统一的决定的服从,对纪律的服从,对代表共同利益的权威性指挥中心的服从。从作为一个政党的组织制度和领导制度来讲,民主集中制实际上是一个有机统一的和谐整体。集中是民主基础上的集中,民主是集中指导下的民主。民主是集中的前提和基础,集中是民主的归宿和方向。     

Teaching Across the Divide: Physical and Human Geographies of Hurricane Katrina

This article critically reflects on our effort to ‘teach across the divide’, by integrating physical and human geography in a new first-year course. We achieved this integration by structuring our course around a series of key events, in order to draw out the interaction of ‘natural’ and ‘social’ forces. After setting out the intellectual and institutional reasons for integration, we illustrate our approach with reference to one of the key events covered in our course: Hurricane Katrina. Finally, we draw on our own reflections and student evaluations to consider the positive outcomes of our approach, and the challenges it poses.     

Creativity and its contexts: the emergence,institutionalisation and professionalisation of science and culture in Luxembourg

While an abundant literature on the social history of culture and science in Europe has developed over the past few decades, there is to date hardly any academic work exploring the social history of science and culture in Luxembourg. The aim of this article is to put Luxembourg ‘on the map’ by focusing on its scientific research and museums in order to examine the emergence, institutionalisation and professionalisation of Luxembourg's science and culture. It will be argued that the most radical changes occurred in the 1980s and 1990s: a multiplication of infrastructures, an increase in budgets, a professionalisation of practices, the emergence of a market for artworks, and an appearance of dedicated policies. During this period, both the material architecture and the socioeconomic architecture of science and culture have been significantly (re)configured. Within the political debates accompanying these changes, the discourses stressing the positionality and relationality of science and culture are noteworthy: while both were increasingly positioned within a European context, research was predominantly portrayed as a resource to boost Luxembourg's economy whereas culture more as a complement to Luxembourg's image of a financial player and a means to ‘regenerate’ its symbolic capital.     

中世纪西欧教会法对教会与国家关系的理解和规范

本文依据中世纪西欧《教会法大全》讨论当时教会与国家的关系。中世纪的教会法学家和教皇们有一种二元论的政治理论 ,认为世俗政权和以教皇为首的教会领导机构应该有各自不同的势力范围 ,前者负责国家的治理 ,后者负责宗教事务。他们以为这一理论有利于教会和国家保持良好的合作关系。为了划分清楚教会和国家的权威范围 ,教会法学家把教会法界定为独立的法律体系。在复杂的现实政治中 ,对世俗权力和宗教权力做这种区分是极为困难的。     

Evaluating the Relationship between Ceramic Wall Thickness and Heating Effectiveness,Fuel Efficiency,and Thermal Shock Resistance

ABSTRACT

In 1983, David Braun proposed that a shift from thicker- to thinner-walled cooking vessels in the midwestern United States was triggered by an increased dietary reliance on starchy grains (Braun 1983). Drawing on well-established principles of materials science (Van Vlack 1964), he suggested that, compared to thicker-walled vessels, thinner-walled ones would have been more thermally efficient and less likely to break from thermal shock. These attributes, he suggested, would have been advantageous for preparing seeds and grains that require lengthy cooking periods. Although consistent with materials science principles, Braun’s proposition has never been tested. In this paper, we present results of experiments undertaken to evaluate the relative cooking efficiency of thin- versus thick-walled vessels and consider the implications of these findings for understanding traditional ceramic technologies.     

景区形象与游客感知价值、满意和忠诚的关系的实证研究

游客忠诚是景区赢得竞争优势的重要保证。景区形象对旅游者出游前的目的地选择、游中的体验评价和游后行为倾向都有影响。本文在问卷调查的基础上,利用结构方程模型对景区形象与游客感知价值、满意和游客忠诚的关系展开实证研究。研究发现,景区形象对游客感知价值、满意和游客忠诚有着显著的正向影响,感知价值正向影响满意,但是对游客忠诚正向影响不显著,满意正向影响游客忠诚。利用因子分析揭示出景区形象存在功能形象、可达形象和情感形象三个维度。引入时间维度将景区游客忠诚重新界定为近期忠诚、中期忠诚、远期忠诚和态度忠诚四个维度。利用回归分析,发现景区形象各维度与游客忠诚各维度之间存在一定的因果关系。     

试论东夷文化和日本考古学文化的关系

本文的东夷文化是指以山东地区为中心的海岱地区自新石器时代至周代的考古学文化,它有产生、发展、繁荣和消亡的过程,同时又有融合和传播的过程。在融合、传播的过程中,对日本绳纹文化、弥生文化遗存,无论遗址、聚落、墓葬形制、稻作农业、习俗诸方面,还是制陶工艺、器表装饰风格以及陶器、石器的形制等方面都与东夷文化有密切关系。东夷文化和日本考古学文化都是世界东方文化的重要组成部分,需要共同深入研究。     

试论清代中国西藏地方政府与不丹之间的宗藩关系

本文以我国西藏地方政府的历史发展为主线,试图弄清它与周边地方政权不丹之间早期交往的历史,追溯两地宗藩关系的产生、发展,并分析了随着清朝中央政府的衰落和英国政府加强对南亚渗透,两地宗藩关系逐渐弱化并瓦解的过程。     

Reterritorilizing the Relationship between People and Place in Refugee Studies

The article discusses different conceptions of space and place in refugee studies, especially contributions from anthropology and geography. A main distinction is drawn between two understandings of space and place; an essentialist conception, stating a natural relationship between people and places and an alternative conception attempting to de-naturalize the relationship between people and places. The consequences of applying different conceptions of space and place for the development of refugee policies and representations of refugees and displaced persons are addressed. For many displaced persons, displacement is experienced as being physically present at one place, but at the same time having a feeling of belonging somewhere else. It is argued that though attempts to de-naturalize the relationship between people and places have been important for how the refugee experience is conceptualized, there has been too much focus on imagination accompanied by a neglect of the local perspective of migrants and displaced people. In the local perspective of forced migration, the present lives of displaced people are emphasized. Especially the attitudes from the host communities, the policy environment that displaced people are part of, and their livelihood opportunities are the focus of regard. 'Territoriality' and 'reterritorialization' of the relationship between people and places are discussed as tools to analyse the local perspective of forced migration in general and the strategies of internally displaced persons and their hosts in Sri Lanka in particular.     

Re-framing the Geography Dissertation: A Consideration of Alternative,Innovative and Creative Approaches

This paper reviews the opportunities and challenges for re-framing the purpose, process, product and assessment of final-year geography dissertations. It argues that the academic centralities of critical thinking, analysis, evaluation, effective communication and independence must be retained, but that the traditional format limits creativity and innovation. Re-imagining capstone projects has implications for students, faculty, departments and institutions, but greater diversity could enhance its relevance to students and employers, better aligning the student experience with the academic interests and future career demands of the 21st century graduate.     

关于1940年美英“驱逐舰换基地”协定的历史考察

1940年 9月美国和英国签订的“驱逐舰换基地”的秘密协定 ,是第二次世界大战爆发后美国尚处在战争之外的情况下 ,两国间达成的第一个重要双边军事协定。经过近 4个月的谈判 ,英国获得了迫切需要的驱逐舰 5 0艘 ,美国以此换取了租借英国在西大西洋和加勒比海上的 8个海空军基地 99年的权利 ,以及英国政府的重要保证 :英国一旦战败 ,皇家海军决不投降也不会被凿沉 ,而是开到海外继续保卫帝国     

Bridging the Gulf between Secondary School and University-level Geography Teachers: Reflections on organising a UK teachers' conference

This study contributes to growing research on the links between school and university geography by reflecting on the value of a teachers' conference organised in 2000. Through analysis of feedback from the conference and reflection on how the event has influenced the author's teaching, the paper considers the potential for academic geographers to learn from colleagues in the school sector and vice versa. The paper also uses personal experience and the teachers' feedback to provide guidance for people considering holding similar events, particularly with regard to the likely expectations and priorities of secondary school teachers. The paper notes schoolteachers' desire for a closer relationship with university staff and argues that current pressures on all teachers limit possibilities for broader and more sustained dialogue.