Before the Honeymoon Ends: Presidential Leadership and Congressional Response

Academicians and journalists inevitably pass judgment on the progress of a president's major "honeymoon period" initiatives. Obviously, the success of those initiatives will depend on how Congress responds to new presidents. Data on aggregate congressional response to the "honeymoon" initiatives of the Carter and Reagan presidencies are presented in order to explore how members of Congress react as they evaluate and interact with a new president. Evidence suggests that, despite the conventional wisdom regarding Carter's limited political ability and inflexible nature, members of Congress were more inclined to emphasize organizational deficiencies. Conversely, while Reagan was perceived to be almost as inflexible as Carter, he received superlative marks for organizational efficiency and for providing access to Congress. The analysis then considers the importance of organization to future presidential effectiveness, and the importance of organizational concerns with respect to personal characteristics for overall presidential success.     

Ancient Solomon Islands mtDNA: assessing Holocene settlement and the impact of European contact

Archaeologists, linguists and geneticists generally agree that Near Oceania was subject to two major pulses of human dispersal: a Pleistocene occupation around 40,000 BP and a Late-Holocene migration at 3500 BP commonly associated with the Austronesian expansion out of Taiwan. The latter led to the development of the Lapita cultural complex in the Bismarck Archipelago which resulted in the settlement of Remote Oceania and there are a variety of competing models (express train, slow boat, entangled bank, etc.) used to explain this. Recent genetic studies have focused on this issue, but none of them have taken into consideration the bias possibly introduced by 19th-century historically reported population decline caused by European contact.     

Political reconciliation in Timor Leste,Solomon Islands and Bougainville: the dark side of hybridity

In recent years, the study and practice of political reconciliation has experienced a turn to hybridity. This turn has been defined by the increased rate at which liberal international and local peacebuilding practices, and their underlying ideas, have become merged, integrated or co-located in time and space. While hybrid approaches to reconciliation have been praised as an effective means of engaging local populations in peacebuilding operations, little attention has been paid to examining whether or not they also bring unintended negative consequences. Drawing on the cases of Timor Leste, Solomon Islands and Bougainville, this article examines the potentially dark side of hybridity. It demonstrates that, in each of these cases, hybrid approaches to political reconciliation have brought both positive and negative consequences. On the positive side of the equation, hybridity has seen imported international approaches to reconciliation adapted to meet local demands and ensure resonance with local populations. On the negative side, however, the misappropriation and instrumentalisation of local practices within hybrid approaches has served to damage their legitimacy and to jeopardise their contributions to reconciliation. The article thus concludes that the existence and extent of this dark side necessitates a re-evaluation of how hybrid approaches to political reconciliation are planned and implemented.     

古籍勘误五则

<楚辞·九叹>里的"九鬿",王逸注为北斗九星.误,"九鬿"应是"鬿萑",是一种能食人的猛禽.<墨子·备城门>中的"我长七寸","我"字不误,意为戈矛式武器,不烦改字.<山海经·中山经>中的"居逵",是一组反切拼音.<晋书·天文志>中的"第三星主五星",应为"第三星主五行".<书断>中的"杨固<北都赋>",应当为"阳固<北都赋>".     

Ancient Sounding-Weights and Navigation along the Mediterranean Coast of Israel

Underwater archaeological investigations in Israel have recovered scores of sounding-weights of varying shapes, weights and ages. Sixty-three examples kept in Israel Antiquities Authority collections are described in detail, discussed, and placed in a tentative typology of sounding-weight types from the Israeli coast. Finds from shipwreck assemblages enabled dating of some types. Integration of the topography and hydrography of the Israeli coast with site-formation processes provides a theoretical explanation for the high number of weights recovered from Israeli underwater sites.
© 2009 The Authors     

评《古文字构形学》

The present paper is a review of the Morphology of Ancient Chinese Writing by LiuZhao and at the same time puts forward some ideas on theoretical problems of the morphology of ancientChinese writing.Firstly,the theoretical research on Chinese characters should be based upon thedeep-going study of Chinese characters themselves,and a good grounding in the basic skill for decipheringancient characters constitutes the necessary precondition of constructing theories on ancient writing.Secondly,theoretical st...     

Two Ancient Wooden Anchors from Ein Gedi, on the Dead Sea, Israel

Two ancient wooden anchors with ropes, dating to different periods, were found on the western shore of the Dead Sea. The one-armed anchor was dated by 14C to the Late Iron Age—Persian Period, and the second anchor to the Roman Period. The saline water of the Dead Sea preserved the wood and ropes, but corroded almost all the metal parts. A thin black crust of lead and a green crust of copper are the only remains of the collar of the Roman anchor. The finds were made from local tree species and were probably made locally: the one-armed anchor from Acacia, the Roman one from Christ-thorn, and both ropes of date-palm.
© 2005 The Nautical Archaeology Society     

日本古代天皇制的形成及其政治结构刍议

日本古代天皇制的形成,启动于圣德太子改革,初步形成（模型化）于孝德天皇与天智天皇的大化改新时期,制度化于大化改新矛盾积累导致的“壬申之乱”后的天武天皇及其继任者持统、文武、元明天皇时期,中间走过了百年左右的曲折历程。圣德太子改革、大化改新、“壬申之乱”是日本古代天皇制形成的三部曲。从政治结构上看,古代天皇制具有明显的日本特色,它是中国式皇帝制与日本祭祀制的统一。古代天皇制特殊的政治结构对后来的日本政治文化传统产生了深远影响。     

《回鹘文献与回鹘文化》评介

近些年来,在从事突厥、回鹘史研究的学中,杨富学先生尤其引人瞩目。这并不仅仅是因为他已有许多论问世,而是因为他除了具有坚实的史学理论功底外,还兼通回鹘语,能够运用回鹘史料展开研究。国内研究突厥、回鹘史的学中,通突厥、回鹘语寥寥。相比之下,杨富学先生以其所长而显得颇具实力。     

《中原古代冶金技术研究》述评

《中原古代冶金技术研究》和《中原古代冶金技术研究(第二集)》是李京华先生在冶金考古方面的研究专著,第一本出版于1994年,第二本出版于2003年,前后历时近十年。第一本主要内容为:铜铁冶炼与熔化技术、铸造技术,农具冶铸技术,冶铸技术的起源与演变,冶铸业管理与职官,冶铁技术的传播,彩色金属渣与高温彩色瓷釉起源的关系等。如果说第一本是对冶金考古的考察探讨阶段,那么第二本已完全进入研究并提出自己主张和阐释观点的阶段。在第二本中,李京华先生就冶金考古学中的有关理论问题、先商及商代青铜器和冶铸遗址、周代青铜器制造技术、周代青…     

Modeling the Roles of Craft Production in Ancient Political Economies

Ongoing debates over the significance of specialized production in ancient political economies frequently hinge on questions of whether elites or commoners controlled craft manufactures and whether the material or ideological import of these production processes was more significant in deciding power contests. Though long recognized, such queries were traditionally answered in relatively straightforward economic terms. Recently, these time-honored approaches have been questioned. An ever increasing number of authors are promoting varied takes on the causal linkages between political forms and processes, on the one hand, and patterns of production, distribution, and use of craft goods, on the other. The literature generated by these discussions is extensive, vibrant, and often confusing. Rather than trying to synthesize all reports and essays dealing with specialized manufacture, this paper highlights general interpretive trends that underlie and structure current debates. The concluding section offers suggestions for how studies of relations among crafts, power, and social heterogeneity might be pursued profitably in the future.     

Liberation from the Weberian Iron Cage: Pierre Manent on Max Weber

Abstract

In this article I contend that conventional social contract theory is self-referentially incoherent. Conventional contractarianism therefore fails to provide an adequate foundation for the authority of the state and for the obligation of citizens to obey. The insistence on consent for legitimate political authority has usually been rendered in contractarian terms. Thus, the fall of conventional social contract theory seemingly entails that we should reject the principle of consent as well. Yet, the necessity of consent for the authority of the state and, concomitantly, for the obligation of citizens to obey seems to be an entailment of human equality. Thus, insofar as human persons are equal, the legitimacy of the state seems to require a foundation logically precluded to it. We are therefore confronted with a theoretical crisis. Even so, I will argue that we need not reject the principle of consent. The self-referential incoherency of conventional contractarianism results from its conventionalism. We can begin the work of salvaging the principle of consent from the demise of conventional social contract theory by erecting it upon the foundation of moral and ontological realism.     

Between Paralysis and Practice: Theorizing the Political Liminality of Palestinian Cultural Heritage

The Israeli military occupation of Palestine since 1967 coupled with the introduction of limited autonomy in 1993 has positioned the yet-to-be formed nation-state in political liminality—neither completely sovereign nor entirely subjugated. While this ambiguity has obvious ramifications for Palestine as a political entity, it also places the cultural heritage of Palestine in potential jeopardy. This paper examines the legal and historical construction of liminality for Palestine and explores how its ambiguous political status impacts the preservation, protection and management of cultural heritage in Palestine and influences the construction of cultural heritage narratives by Palestinians.

---

Résumé  L’occupation militaire israélienne de la Palestine depuis 1967 associée à l’introduction d’une autonomie limitée en 1993 a positionné l’état national encore à venir en liminalité politique—ni complètement souveraine, ni complètement soumise. Tandis que cette ambigüité possède des ramifications évidentes pour la Palestine en tant qu’entité politique, il pose également la question de l’héritage culturel de la Palestine potentiellement en péril. Cet article examine la construction légale et historique de la liminalité concernant la Palestine et explore combien son statut politique ambigu a un effet négatif sur la préservation, la protection et la gestion de l’héritage culturel de la Palestine et influence la construction de récits de l’héritage culturel par les palestiniens.

---

Resumen  La ocupación militar israelí de Palestina en 1967, unida a la introducción de un autonomía limitada en 1993, ha colocado a esta nación estado aún sin constituir en una especie de tierra de nadie política: ni es un estado totalmente soberano ni enteramente sometido. Si bien es cierto que esta ambigüedad tiene consecuencias obvias para Palestina como entidad política, también pone en serio riesgo su patrimonio cultural. En este trabajo se analiza la interpretación de esta tierra de nadie palestina desde un punto de vista jurídico e histórico, y se explora la repercusión de este ambiguo estado político en la preservación, protección y gestión del patrimonio cultural de Palestina y su influencia en la elaboración de obras literarias sobre patrimonio cultural por parte de los palestinos.

     

《古代的交互作用:欧亚大陆的东部与西部》述评

最近 ,英国剑桥大学麦克唐纳研究所出版《古代的交互作用 :欧亚大陆的东部与西部》文集 ,它集中展示了欧亚大陆的考古及东西文化交流的最新成果。 1998年以来 ,剑桥大学举办了 3次大型国际会议 ,内容涉及欧亚大陆史前学、人类学、语言和文化。本书为 2 0 0 0年“史前后期欧亚草原的开发”会议文集。由著名考古学家伦福儒教授作序 ,收入不同国家学者的文章 2 1篇 ,全面介绍了欧亚草原新石器晚期至铁器时代初的考古发现和的研究成果 ;另有部分文章涉及该区域内的植物考古学与人种学的Y染色体DNA分析     

佛教研究的新收获--评湛如《敦煌佛教律仪制度研究》

本文从学界关于佛教研究中存在的问题和学术发展需要的视角出发,对湛如博士《敦煌佛教律仪制度研究》一书进行了全面的评述,认为这是一部真正堪与国际学术接轨、能够与国际学术界对话的有价值的学术著作。     

朝鲜古地图所见之清代中朝边界诸问题初探

朝鲜古地图中保存了清代中朝边界的诸多重要信息。通过对多种朝鲜古地图的解读,考察了其绘制方法与特点,重点分析了穆克登碑、图们江源、"间岛"及鸭绿江下游岛屿等边界地区在地图上的表现方式与变化轨迹。可以看出,朝鲜古地图在绘制方法受到了中国传统舆图的深刻影响,在内容上反映了绘制者对本国历史、地理状况的认知,也体现了其领土观念与"北拓传统"。     

千古奇书 重放异彩——读马昌仪著《古本山海经图说》

中国社科院文学所马昌仪研究员新著《古本山海经图说》近日由山东画报出版社推出,煌煌巨著,得来一册即爱不释手,从欣赏研读中获得无限乐趣。《山海经》是出现于战国至秦汉间的一部千古奇书,它将寻常的山川道里物产同超现实的神神怪怪糅合在一起;虽立足于华夏大地,却又涉及渺茫难寻的许多远方异国。有人把它看作地理书,乃至从中寻求对世界地理大发现的线索。     

《周易》古文经本亟待建立刍议--从费氏易不传古文经谈起

本论证了自东汉以来关于费氏易传古经的传统结论实属传讹。中列举了新近出土的古本《易》与今本《易》仅一字有别而反映出的事实和义理大不相同的例子,阐明亟待复原出一部古易经本,以清除古人在今本易经的形成过程中对经的误识、误定。     

Between Leibniz and Kant: The Political Thought of Wilhelm von Humboldt

Abstract

In his early text, The Limits of State Action, Wilhelm von Humboldt raises the Kantian question of the permissibility and legitimate extent of political and juridical coercion, as his contribution to a debate amongst Kantians launched by the publication in 1785 of Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. In arguing for a minimal state, concerned exclusively with internal and external security of its members but not at all with their felicity, Humboldt inflects Kantian political thought in the direction of a liberal laissez-faire state, in marked contrast to the strong interventionism that his fellow-Kantian Fichte derived from similar Kantian grounds. The article argues that the underlying conception of the individual retained by Humboldt has markedly Leibnizian traits, namely the notion of freedom as the spontaneous unfolding of a highly personal, monadic developmental trajectory toward perfection, which ought not to be impeded or homogenized by unnecessary state intervention. Humboldt thus represents not only a ‘rightist’ libertarian reading of Kant, but a particular appropriation of significant Leibnizian themes. His combination of these sources is compared with that of other contemporary theorists like Hufeland and Fichte.