1989～2008年《文物保护与考古科学》期刊载文初步统计与分析

运用文献计量学的原理和方法,对《文物保护与考古科学》1989 ～ 2008年刊载论文的载文量、载文选题、篇密度率、高产作者的分布、论文的地域分布、论文的机构分布进行了定量分析.这为文物保护领域科研活动、学科建设和信息交流等方面提供了量化的参考数据.     

X射线荧光光谱技术与拉曼光谱技术在齐家文化玉器研究中的应用

为分析判断齐家文化玉器的材质,利用X射线荧光光谱技术对宁夏博物馆藏5件齐家文化玉器进行无损检测分析。结果表明,5件玉器所含元素及相对含量与和田玉相似。再借助齐家文化历史史料的有关信息,可推断为和田玉成分;利用拉曼光谱技术测得5件样品的拉曼光谱图,通过与和田玉样品拉曼光谱图比对,最强及次强特征峰位整体与之相似。可以明显看到透闪石矿物的特征峰,两种检测分析结果相互验证。研究结果为探索齐家文化玉器的玉质和玉料来源提供了重要的科学依据和准确的数据支撑。     

Statistical methodology in numismatic studies

The note is concerned with the statistical methods applied to numismatic studies with particular reference to a previously published study of the trace-element composition of Augustan coins (Carter, G. F. (1978), Journal of Archaeological Science5). In particular, it is shown that the grouping procedure proposed by Carter is likely to produce too many “significant” groups. The compositional differences between predefined groups based on issue and year of manufacture are also considered. Multivariate techniques are used to investigate these differences and the advantages of this approach in comparison to the inspection of univariate plots are pointed out.     

Discerning use-related micro-residues on tools: testing the multi-stranded approach for archaeological studies

In this paper I explore how post-depositional contaminants and non-use related ancient residues may be distinguished from use-related residues directly associated with the application of ancient artefacts. It is assumed that contaminant and unintentional remains have a random distribution over a tool’s surface. Preserved use-related residues, however, are expected to have a consistent spatial distribution around a working edge. To test this, residues on used and unused experimental flakes were recorded after they underwent weathering. The surfaces of the experimental flakes were divided in four quadrants, of roughly equal size. The surface coverage of the residue types per quadrant was then recorded. On used flakes with well preserved residues, the use-related residues are more abundant on portions associated with the sharp edge than on portions associated with blunt sides. On the samples without identified use-related remains and on the unused sample, the distribution of micro-remains is more uniform. This study confirms that by using a contextual approach it is possible to distinguish use-related remains from non-use-related and co-incidental remains.     

Non-destructive analysis of amber artefacts from the prehistoric Cioclovina hoard (Romania)

Amber beads from the Cioclovina hoard (Hunedoara County, Romania), dating from the transitional period between the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age, were analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – variable angle reflectance (FTIR-VAR) and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman). The aim was to determine if the raw material came from the shores of the Baltic Sea, on the Amber Route which crosses Central Europe, or if it originated from the area of the main amber occurrences in Romania, in Buz?u County, around the village of Col?i. All applied analyses strongly suggest that a large part of the amber from the Cioclovina deposit has a Romanian origin, and thus no connection with the Amber Route.     

微痕考古——从微观信息认识历史过程的科学探索

微痕考古以显微观测与技术分析为基础,通过对自然微观痕迹、人类和其它动物行为痕迹的观察研究,阐释人类与动物的行为模式、生活环境、文化遗址埋藏现象等.并作为一种技术性工作广泛服务于我国的文物保护.微痕考古在工作方向、工作方法和工作结果方面,可以弥补传统考古工作和文物保护技术的不足,使考古工作从微观到宏观、从实验到理念、从局部到整体建立更全面、科学的分析过程.我国微痕考古近年迅速发展,专业队伍扩大、研究理念与实验技术进步、工作领域覆盖面拓宽近年微痕考古的重要收获,包括发现人类最早的戳刺性行为痕迹、人类最早的剥皮屠宰技术及刻划图案等;在玉器制作工艺与鉴定、石器使用痕迹与区域文化特点等方面也取得丰富成果.微痕考占的产生与发展,显示脱胎于自然科学的考古学专业,在与现代应用技术紧密结合下,使考古学在研究理念、分析技术和认知深度等方面正发生深刻变化.     

中华民国三十四年中央银行纸币印刷颜料无损研究

法币在中国货币史特别是近代货币史上有着重要地位。1935年11月至1948年8月间,先后发行了15种从\"壹分\"到\"壹萬圆\"不同面额的法币,由中外十六家不同印刷公司承印,版别多达百余种。本研究利用超景深三维视频显微镜、激光显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪和便携式X射线荧光光谱仪,对11枚1945年(中华民国三十四年)中央银行发行的壹仟圆法币的印刷颜料进行了无损研究。结果表明,红色部分(印章、冠字号、纹饰等)普遍使用了有机合成染料系列颜料红PR,而蓝色、绿色、棕色部分普遍使用了普鲁士蓝、铅铬黄和炭黑等颜料进行调配呈色。这些信息能够为纸币类文物的鉴别、保护修复以及相关研究提供依据。     

Geochemical characterisation of north Asian glazed stonewares: a comparative analysis of NAA,ICP-OES and non-destructive pXRF

The analytical performance of non-destructive portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) is compared with that of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) for the elemental characterisation of a group of glazed stonewares from North-East Asia. As a non-destructive technique pXRF is potentially well suited to the elemental analysis of high value archaeological and museum collections but has yet to be critically evaluated for the analysis of archaeological stonewares. In this study we use multivariate evaluation to compare results from non-destructive pXRF in relation to ICP-OES and NAA analysis for the same group of samples. We conclude that, although pXRF is comparatively limited to a small number of major, minor and trace elements, these are sufficient to identify the same compositional groups as high dimensional ICP-OES and NAA datasets for this assemblage.     

Non-destructive pXRF of mafic stone tools

Archaeological use of non-destructive pXRF has been most systematically applied to the classification and provenancing of volcanic glass (obsidian) artefacts. Comparable work has yet to be developed for non-vitreous artefacts. We report results of pXRF analysis for a sample of grey to black (mafic) aboriginal hatchets from Sydney and adjacent coastal regions to the north and south. The study shows both broad and detailed classification is achievable depending on rock type and degree of elemental depletion or enrichment of the samples. PXRF analysis reveals not only distinct patterns of resource use between the three regions of this study but also enables a high degree of geographic resolution in the case of the basalt artefacts of our sample. We conclude that non-destructive pXRF is effective for reliable characterisation of non-vitreous stone artefacts that have a sufficiently complex and enriched compositional signature (i.e., unaltered basalts); with ∼50% of the basalt hatchets in our sample matched with spatially and geologically specific sources.     

陕西历史博物馆藏“虎啸”琴漆膜研究

陕西历史博物馆藏6828号仲尼式古琴,名曰\"虎啸\",其时代存疑。利用漆膜切片技术以及光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和红外光谱仪(FTIR)等仪器,对\"虎啸\"琴脱落漆膜残片予以检测分析,查明了漆膜结构与漆灰成分。漆灰含有石英(SiO_2)、石灰(CaCO_3)、石膏(CaSO_4·2H_2O)、陶瓷[Na(AlSi_3O_8)]、朱砂(HgS)等粉末,以及白铜(Cu、Zn、Ni)碎屑。综合辨析认为,\"虎啸\"琴为明代制作,其漆膜分层、厚度、漆灰成分等与琴音、琴名密切相关。