聚落考古初论

聚落考古是以聚落为单位进行的考古学研究,目的是探讨聚落社会结构、聚落社会之间的关系与聚落社会的时空变异,以及聚落社会同自然环境的关系。聚落考古不仅要做好聚落个案研究,而且要研究同一文化、同一时期的聚落群,并以此为基础探索同一文化不同时期、不同文化同一时期和不同文化不同时期的聚落变异,从中求证社会群体的演变,观察历史社会的变化。     

现代中国环境考古研究模式的分析

本文将1987年以来的中国环境考古研究称为"现代中国环境考古研究",并将之归纳为"考古地理的环境考古研究模式"、"文化历史环境考古研究模式"和"资源环境考古研究模式"。本文对这三种研究模式的合理性进行了分析。接下来,从考古学的基本理论假设出发,指出环境考古学、文化历史考古学之间并没有严格的继承关系,中国环境考古研究的最大问题是核心概念的不匹配。最后,通过考察西方环境考古研究和考古学史,本文提出应该用文化适应,即"考古学中的文化"取代考古学文化而将之作为核心概念进行环境考古研究,让中国环境考古摆脱文化历史考古学概念体系的束缚。     

考古学和人类学的再认识

一、考古学的量新阐释 在我国,考古学被认为属于社会科学,它是历史学的一个分支,以古代人类活动遗留下来的遗物、遗址为主要研究对象,再从已寻找到的实物史料中去研究人类社会的演变发展过程,客观地阐明古代人类生存的特定的时空、环境以及在此基础上所形成的文化行为,尽可能准确地去确定不同文化之间的某个环境中的相互关系。简而言之,就是研究人类过去的物质文化。从更深层次的意义上来讲,考古学最根本的目标是要确定古代人类文化历史长河中各文化之间的源流关系、演化过程及其自身的发展规律。唯有认清楚这些十分复杂、细微     

考古学—连接中国西部古今之桥

至今的考古学研究,可以见到中国西部考古学文化的融合与分化和西方文化的影响在中国文明发展中的作用,也可见到西部古代生业文化与环境的关系。在当前开发西部中,应从考古学研究中,吸取古人的经验,正确处理现今民族及其文化之间关系,做好文物保护和改善及保护好环境,只有这样,中国西部才能走上持续发展之路,也才能不影响中国东部的发展。可能,考古学是连接中国西部古今之桥,在当前西部开发中,应推进考古学研究,发挥考古学的作用。     

内蒙古中南部新石器时代的社会形态——以岱海地区为例

本文以内蒙古中南部新石器时代的考古学文化谱系为基础,通过对各考古学文化的聚落遗址分布、聚落形态、居住单位等方面的分析,并参考同时期的墓葬以及与周边地区考古学文化的交流情况,得出该地区社会形态经历了从平等社会到阶层社会的过程,且其世系继承关系和家庭形态也随之发生变化。     

台湾屏东高士排湾旧社遗址的研究与思考

"旧社"是台湾原住民的一类特殊的文化遗产,是原住民社会文化变迁过程中聚落的迁徙和内涵形态发展的结果 ,与特定现生族群的口传"记忆"与文化直接关联,是考古学与民族学之间的共同课题。台湾大学人类学系主任陈玛玲教授的《台湾屏东高士排湾旧社遗址的研究与思考》,展示了她在屏东县牡丹乡高士村排湾族"南排"Palilalirao群的Saqacengalj、Cacevakan、Aumagan等三个石板屋旧社遗址的调查研究成果,着力空间分析,详细记录旧社聚落内不同形态至房舍的位置关系与布局,并通过聚落环境、家屋排列、形态分类、构造特点、文化内涵等,分析三聚落的异同及与"北排"的差异,并思考了考古学旧社研究的方法论问题,在台湾考古学、民族学上价值不菲,在华南其他族群的民族考古学上也有重要的启示。     

民国时期夏鼐对考古学的认识

夏鼐早先觉得考古学是"第二三流"学问,后来认为"治上古史,考古学是占中心的地位"。夏鼐对考古学与历史学的关系在认知层面上的反映,主要与他个人的经历以及当时学术的整体发展有关。在"史前"和"历史"时期,考古学与历史学关系的表现稍有不同,但是历史学的因素贯穿考古学研究的整个过程,并且研究考古学与历史学的最终目的大体相似,即认知、还原古代社会。对夏鼐学术思想的分析、对民国时期考古学与历史学关系的探讨,不仅有助于理解民国学术发展史,也有利于从一个侧面理解新中国成立后考古、历史学界的基本状况。     

半坡文化研究

最近一个时期的考古发现和研究表明,“仰韶文化”一词已经脱离了考古学文化的范畴,而成为我国黄河中游地区新石器时代一个发展阶段的代称。过去那些因含有彩陶而被笼统地称为“仰韶文化”的各个“类型”,今天看来实属不同的考古学文化。基于这种认识,本文将传统的所谓“仰韶文化”的”半坡类型”改称为半坡文化。迄今为止,通过田野调查和田野发掘所获得的半坡文化遗存,就其材料的全面性和完整性而言,是同时期其它考古学文化所不     

考古学文化及其相关问题探讨

对考古学文化的研究,绝不仅限于对某一类器物的研究,还应包括对考古学文化所包含的各种遗存的研究、对该考古学文化谱系的研究、透过这些考古学文化遗存对当时人们的精神世界和社会结构及与其他集团的关系的研究,以及对导致考古学文化发展和变化的各种因素及其所发挥作用的研究,因此考古学文化仍是考古学研究的重要内容。     

生业与社会本期导读

<正>各个遗址的生业特征与当地自然环境状况的关系密不可分,全面开展生业研究必须有效地借鉴环境考古学的研究成果。环境考古学研究在20世纪90年代前后曾经掀起过一个高潮,其特征主要表现为通过对古气候的研究,认识不同时空范围内的气候变化与各个文化发展变迁之间的关系。近年来,随着对古气候的研究渐趋明朗,大家也逐步认识到古代气候的各种变化并非一定影响到不同文化的发展和变迁,环境考古学研究的对象究竟如何把握,仍然是一个需要认真思考和探讨的大命     

极致玩法

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On the Unseriousness of Human Affairs: Teaching,Writing, Playing,Believing, Lecturing,Philosophizing, Singing,Dancing

Abstract

Baker, Paula, ed. Money and Politics University Park: Penn State University Press 120 pp., $19.95, ISBN 0-271-02246-9 Publication Date: October 2002

Swers, Michele L. The Difference Women Make: The Policy Impact of Women in Congress Chicago: University of Chicago Press 200 pp., $45.00 cloth, $16.00 paper ISBN 0-226-78647-1 cloth ISBN 0-226-78649-8 paper Publication Date: October 2002

Brady, David W., and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds. Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress Stanford: Stanford University Press 549 pp., $29.95, ISBN 0-8047-4571-4 Publication Date: September 2002

Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited New York: Cambridge University Press 459 pp., $70.00 cloth, $25.00 paper ISBN 0-521-78351-8 cloth ISBN 0-521-78971-0 paper Publication Date: September 2002

Bonnicksen, Andrea L. Crafting a Cloning Policy: From Dolly to Stem Cells Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press 232 pp., $39.95 cloth, $21.95 paper ISBN 0-87840-370-1 cloth ISBN 0-87840-371-X paper Publication Date: August 2002

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Miller-Adams, Michelle Owning Up: Poverty, Assets, and the American Dream Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press 224 pp., $18.95, ISBN 0-8157-0619-7 Publication Date: July 2002

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Adler, E. Scott Why Congressional Reforms Fail: Re-election and the House Committee System Chicago: University of Chicago Press 263 pp., $55.00 cloth, $19.00 paper ISBN 0-226-00755-3 cloth ISBN 0-226-00756-1 paper Publication Date: May 2002

Hamburger, Philip Separation of Church and State Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 514 pp., $49.95, ISBN 0-674-00734-4 Publication Date: May 2002

Squires, Gregory D., ed. Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press 364 pp., $32.50, ISBN 0-87766-709-8 Publication Date: April 2002

Robinson, Randall N. The Reckoning: What Blacks Owe to Each Other New York: E. P. Dutton 290 pp., $24.95, ISBN 0-525-94625-X Publication Date: January 2002

Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo Incident: A Spy Ship and the Failure of American Foreign Policy Lawrence: University Press of Kansas 320 pp., $34.95, ISBN 0-7006-1171-1 Publication Date: May 2002

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Ivanov, Igor S. The New Russian Diplomacy: Ten Years of Moscow's Foreign Policy Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press 203 pp., $22.95, ISBN 0-8157-4498-6 Publication Date: July 2002

Volkov, Vadim Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press 224 pp., $17.95, ISBN 0-801-48778-1 Publication Date: September 2002

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Muel-Dreyfus, Francine Vichy and the Eternal Feminine: A Contribution to the Political Sociology of Gender Trans. Kathleen A. Johnson Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press 388 pp., $21.95, ISBN 0-8223-2774-0 Publication Date: October 2001

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Byman, Daniel L. Keeping the Peace: Lasting Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press 280 pp., $22.95, ISBN 0-8018-6804-1 Publication Date: March 2002

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Jung, Hwa Yol, ed. Comparative Political Culture in the Age of Globalization: An Introductory Anthology Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books 464 pp., $80.00 cloth, $26.95 paper ISBN 0-7391-0317-2 cloth ISBN 0-7391-0318-0 paper Publication Date: February 2002

Beissinger, Mark R., and Crawford Young, eds. Beyond State Crisis? Postcolonial Africa and Post-Soviet Eurasia in Comparative Perspective Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press 514 pp., $60.00 cloth, $24.95 paper ISBN 1-930365-07-1 cloth ISBN 1-930365-08-X paper Publication Date: May 2002

Ding, Yjiang Chinese Democracy after Tiananmen New York: Columbia University Press 173 pp., $75.00 cloth, $20.00 paper ISBN 0-774-80838-1 ISBN 0-231-12565-8 Publication Date: March 2002

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Tuckness, Alex Locke and the Legislative Point of View: Toleration, Contested Principles, and the Law Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 206 pp., $49.50 cloth, $17.95 paper ISBN 0-691-09503-5 cloth ISBN 0-691-09504-3 paper Publication Date: October 2002

Edwards, Alistair, and Jules Townshend, eds. Interpreting Modern Political Philosophy: From Machiavelli to Marx New York: Palgrave Macmillan 241 pp., $74.95 cloth, $24.95 paper ISBN 0-333-77241-5 cloth ISBN 0-333-77242-3 paper Publication Date: September 2002

Uslaner, Eric M. The Moral Foundations of Trust New York: Cambridge University Press 298 pp., $65.00 cloth, $23.00 paper ISBN 0-521-81213-5 cloth ISBN 0-521-01103-5 paper Publication Date: July 2002

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Tessitore, Aristide, ed. Aristotle and Modern Politics: The Persistence of Political Philosophy Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press 438 pp., $32.95, ISBN 0-268-02014-0 Publication Date: April 2002

Freeberg, Ellen M. Regarding Equality: Rethinking Contemporary Theories of Citizenship, Freedom, and the Limits of Moral Pluralism Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books 145 pp., $24.95, ISBN 0-7391-0155-2 Publication Date: March 2002

Jamieson, Beth Kiyoko Real Choices: Feminism, Freedom, and the Limits of the Law University Park: Penn State University Press 259 pp., $35.00, ISBN 0-271-02136-5 Publication Date: December 2001