再谈“大历元宝、建中通宝”——兼与陈勇男、戴政二位先生商榷

“大历元宝、建中通宝”和许多西域钱币一样,曾给泉界留有许多神秘的色彩。自上世纪九十年代,王永生先生研究并撰文《大历元宝、建中通宝铸地考一兼论上元元年（760年）后唐对西域的坚守》后,其铸造者、铸地、使用性质、流通范围等困扰钱币学、货币史研究领域上千年的难解之谜才被破解。     

成都彭县出土“直百五铢”窖藏钱币——兼谈“蜀五铢”与“直百五铢”

一、出土概述1984年冬,成都市郊彭县（今彭州）,思文乡（今通济镇）梓柏村村民席启林在宅旁挖鱼塘时,发现-土坑钱币窖藏。钱币无盛器,用钱丝串系,锈蚀不严重。2003年10月,成都博物院会同彭州文管所作进一步清理,除锈后,清理出“蜀五铢”16枚、“直百五铢”2840枚。     

SEALED SILVER IN IRON AGE CISJORDAN AND THE 'INVENTION' OF COINAGE

Summary. Recent finds of hoarded silver in Cisjordan present new material for the consideration of the conceptual history of coined metals. When the fundamental concepts associated with coinage are abstracted from the various objects that express them, it is possible to see that a kind of coined metal existed in Cisjordan and other parts of the Near East prior to the traditional 'invention' of coinage by the Lydians and Greeks c. 600 BC. ¹ Both hoards and written sources indicate that seals affixed to precious metals at times qualified them in a numismatic sense by guaranteeing weights set to standards as well as controlled composition. What has been characterized as the 'invention' of coinage was rather an adaptation of these same principal concepts. The frequency and size of silver hoards from Cisjordan point to a proliferation in the 'monetary' use of silver in that region during the Iron Age and suggest a relationship to the overwhelming preference for silver coinages among the Greeks.     

光绪年间的钱贵银贱与江南制造局铸钱

一清光绪年间,钱贵银贱,银两、银元兑钱数继续减少,成为当时的主要货币问题之一。以上海为例,光绪三年十月初九日(1877年11月13日)鹰洋每元可易制钱1019文;而初六、初七日鹰洋一元的换钱数还不到千文。①光绪二十年中日甲午战争以后,钱价更为高涨。光绪二十一年,鹰洋一元的换钱数,“渐减至九百数十文,甚有减至八百数十文者。无论贫富,咸受亏耗,实为数十年来所仅见。”②用洋钱买物,如不到一元,须要找钱,至少要买到五六百文,卖者才肯找。民间以洋钱换钱,先要用大洋换小洋(银角),再用小洋换钱。“以大洋换小洋,已吃亏数文十余文不等,再以小洋…     

THE USE OF ROMAN COINAGE

Summary. There is little doubt that Roman coins found today in excavations were lost during the Roman period because they were in use. If these coin-finds are examined in the appropriate way it should be possible to detect something of the patterns of coin-use and coin-loss in the ancient world and hence to learn something of the monetary side of trade and the economy. Finds from different sites are compared in an effort to establish basic rules of interpretation, or, failing that, of presentation of the evidence.     

ROME AND THE EAST. PRODUCTION OF ROMAN PROVINCIAL SILVER COINAGE FOR CAESAREA IN CAPPADOCIA UNDER VESPASIAN, AD 69–79

During the first three centuries AD several eastern provinces of the Roman empire produced silver coinages of specifically local denominations and types. It has been claimed that at certain periods the mint of Rome was employed to strike some of these coinages, rather than the provincial mints to which the coins are traditionally attributed. This claim is based mainly on stylistic observations, but because style is regarded as subjective, some other form of evidence to support these observations is desirable. In this paper three types of coin are submitted to metallurgical analysis: silver denarii struck at Rome; Roman-style provincial silver coinage; and 'local'style provincial silver coinage. The aim is to discover whether the Rome-style and 'local'style coins have different trace element profiles, and whether these might indicate different ore sources or refining techniques. The results are then compared with Roman denarii to see whether there are any similarities between the denarii and the Rome-style provincial silver coins.     

萧梁钱币铸造工艺与模拟实验

萧梁钱币铸造遗存在 2 0世纪有多次发现 ,比较有影响的主要有三次。即民国 2 4年 ( 193 5 )冬 ,在南京通济门草场圩因修筑铁路取土 ,出土了大量萧梁钱范。 1997年、19 98年又分别在南京东八府塘西井巷和镇江医政路金田工地发现两处萧梁钱币铸造遗存 ,并出土了大批萧梁钱范、相关铸造遗物和一些钱币等 ①②③ 。南京、镇江两地发现的数处萧梁铸钱遗存 ,为研究萧梁时期钱币铸造工艺提供了重要的参考资料。大约到了六朝初期 ,我国的传统钱币铸造工艺再次发生巨大变革。即从西汉、新莽、东汉以来的单面型腔叠铸工艺过渡到了双面型腔叠铸工艺。这…     

关于乾隆朝湖北宝武局铸钱利润的考察

清王朝鼎定中原,遂于顺治元年设立京城宝泉、泉源局铸钱。其后各省陆续大规模铸饯。从当时京局和地方各铸饯局给中央的报告来看,铸钱的主要目是为了获取铸钱利涧“以佐军资”,“开炉鼓铸,生息助饷”,以适应战争的需要。随着满清王朝统一全国事业的完成,清政府铸钱获取利润的目的越来越小,而越来越向有利于国计民生和商品经济发展方面转移。特别是在康熙朝,     

WARFARE AND ITS AFTERMATH AS REFLECTED IN THE PRECIOUS METAL COINAGE OF BELGIC GAUL

Summary. This paper is concerned with aspects of the Roman Conquest of Belgic Gaul in the first century BC which might be discerned through the study of the precious metal coinages issued by the indigenous inhabitants. Die studies are used as a basis for quantifying the output of the wartime coinages in relation to their predecessors, and the probable impact of the war in terms of the quantities of valuables which were permanently removed from circulation. The continued striking and use of native coinage after the war is also discussed and the material evaluated as a source of information on political arrangements and social conditions in the period preceding the implementation of Augustus'administrative reforms.     

近代银元和铜元铸造数量的一个简略估计

流通数量反映了银元在流通领域中的地位,但由于当时统计资料的分散,更由于地方造币厂为地方利益而滥铸、盗铸及浮报、伪造统计报表,准确详实的铸币数量极难获得,仅能依据现有资料做出一般性的大趋势估计。彭信威先生认为:清末货币总量(包括中外银元、银锭、银角、铜币、纸币等)为20·97亿银元,“全国人口若以四亿计,每人约占五元二角四分”,如果以其中30%的货币在上海流通,则上海流通货币量有6亿元。①《银行周报》认为:自光绪十五年张之洞在广东开铸银元,到1913年底时,全国共铸银元约2·2亿元,小洋约铸2·3亿元。1913年至1916年,银元共铸1…