屈原沉江浅评

屈原生平的悲剧是多方面因素造成的。其一,屈原的被疏远及流放,和当时的外交环境有极大关系。楚国在与齐、秦邦交上结盟与断交的反复,决定了坚持与齐交好的屈原的命运。其二,战国时"士"的流动很正常,但屈原因为属于三姓王族,绝不能背弃楚国,所以无从选择离开,只能在放逐之地忧愤徘徊。其三,屈原自沉汨罗江除了殉国的意义之外,也是一种复杂思想的表达,屈原自己代表火、光明、希望,而水则代表着那些覆盖美政理想和纯洁精神的冰冷现实。屈原除了殉国也是殉于他自己近乎完美的人格理想。     

《聊斋志异》中的“城隍”形象及隐喻

本文从"城隍"物象的典籍记载入手,结合小说中"城隍"内容,分析小说中涉及"城隍"庙祠、"神明、塑像等篇章的隐喻。由此揭示小说特定"城隍"形象背后所暗含的官员压榨、百姓恐惧、世人求荣图利等清代社会状貌,通过分析小说中的"城隍"塑像,指出清代女性在封建家庭中的脆弱本质。在隐喻价值层面,指明蒲松龄通过"城隍"形象所表达的对贪官污吏的痛恨以及他对底层人民的同情,分析"城隍"塑像与清代家庭的联系,指出蒲松龄关注女性生活的救世苦心。     

解构·建构·实现——近代“屈原爱国”观念生成与传播的历史考察

今日牢固的"屈原爱国"观念既非自古已然,亦非迟至抗战时期才形成,事实上要复杂得多。清季,以"忠君"为主题的传统屈原阐释逐渐动摇,新的民族主义阐释与构成其合作、竞争方的自由主义阐释开始形成,前者促生了最初的"屈原爱国"观念。新文化运动时期,经过两种新阐释共同从学理上对"忠君"的系统解构,以及民族主义阐释对"爱国"的建构,"屈原爱国"观念真正确立并逐渐传播,但尚未获得各方的足够认同,知识界中自由主义阐释甚或一度超过民族主义阐释。九一八事变后,一些自由主义阐释者改变态度,不同程度地转向民族主义。民族主义阐释终在全面抗战时期压倒其他阐释而渐成主流,"屈原爱国"从之前作为少数精英的新创思想走进了生活世界,成为一种制度性、风俗性和常识性观念。该观念自产生三四十年后便迅速发展为主导观念,正是一个从个人阐释发展为公共阐释的过程,表现出复合性发展等鲜明特征。前后的"屈原爱国"观念虽能作如此统称,却并非"不变的常数",后期便在对外指向的"爱国家爱民族"之外,增添了对内指向的爱人民、反独裁的新内涵。     

中西古典悲剧的美学特征的比较研究

中国古典悲剧与西方古典悲剧拥有各自的民族意识和审美观念,从而形成不同的关学特征。他们的价值都是十分重要,不可替代的,本文将从悲剧主人公,悲剧冲突等几个方面对中西古典悲剧的美学特征进行比较,感受他们的美与差异,指出只有中西悲剧互相学习,互相借鉴,才会使双方爆发出更强大的生命力。     

《天问》与溆浦壁画和盘歌

《天问》作为中国文学史上罕见的一部杰作,创作于屈原放逐时期。溆浦作为屈原的放逐地,其宗祠、庙堂中的绘制壁画以及民间"盘歌",对诗人的创作产生过极大的影响。无论从体例还是内容,《天问》与"盘歌"都有类似之处。     

浅论纳兰性德词风的形成

纳兰性德哀感顽艳词风的形成有着十分广阔深远的社会现实原因和内在曲折的精神因素。现实生活是其感伤之源,人生苦闷和存在的悲哀合成了他的悲剧情结。     

浅析《九歌》的悲剧意蕴

《九歌》是《楚辞》中一组比较特殊的诗歌,它是中国文人文化和民间宗教祭祀文化的伟大结合。屈原以一颗浸透辛酸的丰富心灵感受着生命、爱情和时间等这些具有人类普遍性的命题,从而使《九歌》具有独特的悲剧意蕴。本文试从悲壮美、悲伤美和悲叹美等三方面论述之。得出结论,认为《九歌》的悲剧意蕴是其艺术魅力的重要原因,同时也对后代文人创作产生深远影响,可以说它是中国悲剧文学的源头。     

屈原的文人气质

屈原的一生是个悲剧,一个爱国文人的悲剧。两次流放,众人排挤,不得重用,然而,他依旧眷念楚国,心系怀王,在郁郁中写诗寄情。举世皆浊我独清,众人皆醉我独醒。这样的孤傲又忠     

希腊悲剧魅影:“歌队”对悲剧艺术表达的功能——以索福克勒斯《俄狄浦斯王》为例

"歌队"是古希腊悲剧中一种特殊的戏剧因素。它在剧中不以舞台的扮演角色出现,类似于现代戏剧的旁白,但是歌队的抒情和叙事功能却对戏剧的艺术表达和观众的审美需求有着重要的作用。但随着歌队抒情功能逐渐与叙事功能平分秋色,歌队传统也随之失落,甚至悲剧的艺术也逐渐消逝了。     

比较东西方文学的差异——从《梁山伯与祝英台》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》对比中阐释

《梁山伯与祝英台》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》都是感人至深的爱情悲剧,东方的梁山伯与祝英台对爱情的忠贞执着,因为爱情而殉情的情节与罗密欧与朱丽叶及其相似。可是梁山伯与祝英台在中国文化封建守旧的背景下所表现的是深沉,内敛和"地下"的爱情,而罗密欧与朱丽叶大胆,勇敢,渴望得到自由,勇敢的追求爱情,不顾一切的举行婚礼,最后为追随双方死去。这些都反映了东西方文化和社会环境的差异,本文将从情节的发展,人物的设置,和思想内容的表达、文化和价值的差异几方面来多方面探讨两部作品的异同。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.