A methodology to identify a network of industrial parks in the Ave valley,Portugal

In recent decades in Europe, municipalities have promoted many poorly qualified and widespread industrial parks. These policies have caused various problems such as oversupply of industrial land, obsolescence and high vacancy rates. The future of these sites is uncertain and has become a key issue in planning. Nowadays, policies are focused on upgrading these sites and on implementing regional coordinated practices. This paper describes a methodological approach to identifying a subregional network of industrial parks in the Ave valley, Portugal. The network is based on the parks’ attractiveness and has the purpose of supporting planning policies in terms of upgrading and providing new sites. The approach was based on a multi-criteria analysis whereby the parks were ranked according to their attractiveness considering their coverage in terms of infrastructures, services and accessibility. Results show that the majority of the existing and planned parks, even if upgraded, will not be very attractive and will be limited to a municipal scale due to structural problems related to their location and poor coverage. Moreover, the paper also discusses the challenges in implementing this planning approach at a subregional level. Despite the specificities of the case study, this methodology could be adopted in similar studies.     

From regional innovation systems to local innovation systems: Evidence from Italian industrial districts

The theoretical concepts of industrial district and regional innovation system though closely related, capture different aspects of regional economic development. Given the “nestedness” of a system in other systems, one regional innovation system can support several districts. However, in some cases, districts may be considered as local innovation systems with independent innovation patterns. In fact, the socio-economic characters of industrial districts can be so specific that the region's size and institutional framework may be inadequate in fully describing their innovation processes. In the case of the Italian region of Lombardy, this “autonomous” local innovation system model proliferates.     

Observation and assessment of local economic development with regard to the application of the local multiplier

This contribution deals with the observation and evaluation of the issues of local economic development with a focus on the relatively new method of the local multiplier LM3. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the application possibilities of selected tools for the analysis of local economic development, in order to verify the effectiveness of the methodology of the local multiplier LM3 and to discuss the possibilities of its practical use. This LM3 method is perceived to be one of the convenient methods on how to capture certain components of local economic development. This indicator of the power of local economies is verified within field research in two case studies conducted in the ?umava region in Southwest Bohemia. The added value of this contribution is both methodological and practical. Currently, there exist only very few studies using the LM3 method in the Czech Republic and they do not offer satisfying evaluation of possible broader use of this method in the area of local development in the specific Czech regions. Having summarized two new case studies, this article contributes to the methodological discussion of the LM method and includes concrete practical recommendations for future research and also practical use.     

对加快青海生物技术产业发展的几点思考

二十世纪八十年代以来,生物技术的飞速发展,促成青海逐步形成生物技术产业。作为新兴产业,它是青海经济发展的一个增长点。但是,青海生物技术产业目前还存在着一些不足,主要是发展还较滞后,层次低,规模小,缺乏相应人才等。今后,要把生物技术作为青海高新技术创新和发展新兴产业的突破口,集中力量,重点攻关,加强科技创新,加快生物技术产业化。     

Examining histology to identify burned bone

Early research suggests that examination of the microscopic internal structure is a valid method for distinguishing burned from unburned bone in the archaeological record. This study compares burned and unburned modern bones with archaeological bones from Sibudu Cave (ca. 60,000 years ago) and Cave of Hearths (over 200,000 years ago) to more fully describe the heat-induced histological changes to bone. We also explore the effects of diagenesis on those changes to determine if histological evidence of burning preserves through fossilisation and diagenetic processes and can be successfully used to identify ancient burning. Application of this technique can help in addressing various issues, including the origins of controlled use of fire and understanding animal butchery and disposal.     

略论清代徽州方志的发展

徽州方志是徽州历史文献的重要组成部分,清代是徽州修志的鼎盛期,考察这一时期徽州修志的实践是徽学的重要内容,也是推动徽学深入研究的需要。本文试图对清代徽州府县乡镇志、专志的发展概况作简单探讨。     

Outward foreign direct investment,offshore outsourcing and local network resilience in industrial districts

The internationalization of production activities is having a profound impact on regional economies. In this regard, it is generating externalities not only in the countries where production is offshored, but also in the domestic networks in which the internationalizing firms are located. Therefore, this paper investigates the effects of outward foreign direct investment and offshore outsourcing activities on domestic supplier populations in industrial districts (IDs). The aim is to evaluate the ability of these systems to react to the structural shocks associated with internationalization strategies. The results show that local network resilience is generally higher in advanced forms of IDs, where the role of large firms or service activities is more relevant.     

Entrepreneurship dynamics and economic cycles: an analysis for local systems and industrial districts

ABSTRACT

We propose a research framework that expressly takes into account the moderating and differentiated influence that can be exerted on the dynamics of entrepreneurship capital by both the type of local system and the economic situation. Moreover, we investigate whether industrial districts are a more favourable context for the evolution of the entrepreneurship capital. We apply this framework to data of municipalities, grouped in local labour systems, of three Spanish regions and in two sub-periods of, respectively, crisis (2007–2011) and incipient recovery (2011–2014). Results are consistent with a set of sensible relations that can be extracted from the background literature.     

Areas of large enterprise and industrial districts in the development of post-war Italy: A preliminary survey

Our aim in this article is to lay some statistical and theoretical foundations for an understanding of Italian post-war economic growth, by devoting special attention to what has happened in the hundred different “Italies” that go to make up the mosaic of this country. We have concentrated our analysis on comparing “areas of large enterprise” with “industrial districts” through a distinction between district provinces (IDPs), large enterprise provinces (LEPs) and other provinces (OPs). We investigate manufacturing industry by means of in depth analyses of trends in employment and value added, as well as through breakdowns of export flows and income and prosperity levels. Since the end of World War II it appears that Italian economic growth has largely been formed by the constant, massive flow of exports of personal and household goods and light mechanically-engineered products, that a sizeable flow of exports is attributable to growth in the industrial districts, and that although the income gap between the different parts of the country has not been eliminated, growth by the industrial districts and the policy of industrialization in Southern Italy have together engineered a major territorial dispersion of both light and heavy industry. However, heavy industry and high-tech large Italian companies have found increasing difficulties and even lost many of the positions they once held. Our survey indicates that a policy for industrial development in Italy must take account of the weakness of the heavy industry sector along with the features and requirements of industrial districts.     

都江堰:东亚本土知识及其普世意义的一个案例

Dujiangyan irrigation system of more than 2000 years history is a symbol of originality of Chinese ancestors both in its conception and project mode. It is still working well and benefit Chengdu Plain nowadays while other comparable water conservancy projects of the same or later age have vanished and been forgotten. More than just a world-famous cultural heritage, it shows the harmonious relationship between man and nature. And it also reveals us how to solve problems in the era of economic globalization, such as the constantly silt up of the dams, the exhaustion of the energy and the crisis of the deterioration of ecosystem. The inspirations it gives us range from technology to humanities, from economy to various aspects in social life. In a word, Dujiangyan irrigation system demonstrates the wisdom and creativity of Chinese people and has a universal significance despite the change of time and space. Translated by Li Dan from Shijie wenhua de dongya shijiao: quanqiuhua jincheng zhong de dongfang wenming 世界文化的东亚视角: 全球化进程中的东方文明 (East Asia’s view on world culture: East civilizations in the process of globalization). Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2007, 127–141.     

Changing industrial production systems and regional development in the New Europe

The continuing expansion and deepening integration of the European Union is redefining the map of threats and opportunities for both companies and regions in Europe. In this paper I analyze the changing geography of the production system in three industries – automobiles, clothing and steel – as a product of the strategies and tactics of companies, states (at EU, national and regional levels) and trades unions, as they seek to shape geographies of production to favour their interests within this changing European political–economic space. It is argued that the end product of this process will be the creation of new and sharper forms of regional uneven development and qualitative differentiation between regions, as well as a renewed widening rather than further narrowing of regional differences in economic performance and well–being.     

Innovation and cooperation during the emergence of local industrial clusters: An empirical study in Germany

This paper studies the dynamics that cause the emergence of local industrial clusters at a general level. Predictions about these dynamics are deduced from theoretical modelling. The predictions are tested with the help of empirical data from Germany. Three-digit manufacturing industries are classified according to their dynamics. It is examined whether certain industrial characteristics are able to predict the type of dynamics occurring. It is shown that a high number of process innovations and a high share of regional cooperation with suppliers and public research institutes characterize those industries in which local clusters emerge.     

现代志书体系构想

第二轮修志要避免首轮修志时理论不足的问题,可以从现代志书体系来思考,现代志书体系包括理论体系、框架体系、内容体系。理论体系是现代志书编纂的指导原则和基本理念,主要包括关于现代志书自身的本体理论、吸取了现代科学理论营养而形成的相关理论、现代志书编纂思想;框架体系包括框架设计的目的要求、设计标准、框架结构、设计步骤等;内容体系包括基本内容与重点内容、内容的划分、内容的基本单元与要素、内容的构造、内容的基本属性等。     

Doing gender and development: understanding empowerment and local gender relations

A major dilemma in Gender and Development (GAD) work is why it is that sometimes women may feel better off colluding with gendered structures that ensure their continued subordination rather than seeking approaches that will allow them to break free of this. Kandiyoti (1988 Gender and Society 2 274–90) has identified this apparent collusion as 'patriarchal bargains', which offer women greater advantages than they perceive can be achieved by challenging the prevailing order. Such women are therefore reluctant to engage in empowering activities that may challenge their gendered bargain. This paper explains this dilemma in the context of GAD work undertaken with Bedouin women in Southern Egypt.     

Crossing the many borders: Finnish local development policies facing new challenges

In this briefing the changing context that has drawn both researchers and policymakers’ attention towards quality of policy processes are dealt with. First the evolution of the Finnish local development activities is described, second the demands that contemporary societal changes raise for local economic development policies are considered, and third the question how current developments affect local development policy‐making is evaluated, and the significance of crossing the many borders is raised.     

A case study of the reaction of the auroral atmosphere to local energy inputs

EISCAT data taken along the Tromsø geomagnetic field line, on 25 March 1986, 1800–2400 UT, have been used to study the reaction of the neutral atmosphere to temporal and localized energy inputs. A periodic variation of the electron temperature with a period of ~25 min following a temporal heating event is interpreted as being due to a corresponding oscillation of the neutral atmosphere. A model to simulate the dynamic behaviour of the atmosphere is briefly described. The observations can well be explained provided the energy deposition is localized. Then horizontal gradients and thus horizontal atmospheric motions are established and these also affect the amplitude and period of vertical motions.     

方志特色"异"谈

章认为凡事物均有“异数”,所谓方志特色,就是入志事物异数的总和,修志需要对异数作全面、完美的记录。对于同类事物,要从大同中找出小异,用对比的方法突出小异,用升格、专题、附记等形式放大“小异”,努力写出事物的化来。章还特别写了细节对于彰显人物性格的作用,同时说明异数多少不等于事情大小,当两发生矛盾时,应将大事置于领先位置。