济南惨案述论

济南惨案是一九二八年五月,日本帝国主义一手制造的武装侵略、违犯战争法规及惯例和违犯人道的滔天罪行。因日军在济南对中国军民的大屠杀始于五月三日,所以,又称为“五三惨案”。“东方会议”的召开和《田中奏折》的出笼,标志着日本     

图像、仪式与古代埃及、亚述帝国的战争叙事

<正>古代埃及和亚述的大规模战争图像,都是在帝国扩张的背景下,于传统的零散、小幅战争刻绘艺术形式的基础之上发展出来的。古代埃及新王国时期对战争场景的动态刻画出现在十九王朝的塞提一世统治时期。卡尔纳克神庙多柱大厅北侧外墙上的绘画浮雕,是现存最早的关于特定埃及军事行动及其后续事件的复杂全景图,⁽(2))其上刻绘着塞提一世对西亚、利比亚所进行的一系列军事行动。此后,法老拉美西斯二世和拉美西斯三世在位期间也对各自在战争中取得的胜利在不同的地点以浮雕画面进行了记录。     

古代兵器研究的力作──评《中国古代兵器》

兵器是伴随着战争的发生而出现的,它是人类社会发展进程中一定历史阶段的产物,并与人类战争的存在而相伴始终。中国有着悠久的历史,与此相适应,中国古代兵器亦经过了数千年漫长的发展历程。作为不可佚缺的史实,有关兵器的记载散见于多种古籍文献中,同时,大量的兵器实物也以各种形式（如墓葬随葬、战争中丢弃、财富储藏、收藏传世等）被存留下来。可以说兵器不但对于古代战争、军事史的研究有着其它物质文化遗存不可替代的重要作用,同时对于古代科学技术、生产力发展水平以及经济、政治、文化等方面的研究,也具有十分重要的价值。由…     

立志攻坚 锲而不舍──古代西亚北非史学术研讨会纪要

立志攻坚锲而不舍──古代西亚北非史学术研讨会纪要王乃新１９９４年９月２１－２４日,全国古代西亚北作史学术研讨会在辽宁师范大学召开,３０余名老中青学者到会,探讨古代西亚北非文明的起源与发展和古代东西方文化的异同与相互交流。中国世界古代史研究会名誉理事长...     

国外资讯

“战争时期对文化遗产的破坏”报告会召开4月16日，”战争时期对文化遗产的破坏”报告会在瑞士日内瓦大学召开。联合国教科文组织总干事博科娃发表了”人类文化遗产维护和平的手段”的主题演讲。她强调了文化在维护世界和平中的重要地位，以及在战争时期文化保护的必要性，展示了教科文组织在利比亚、马里、伊拉克和叙利亚所进行的文化遗产保护行动，并提出仅仅凭借经济和政治合约无法维持长久和平。同时，她呼吁停止对文化遗产的破坏，认为保护文化遗产的最好办法就是充分利用它预防冲突的发生，并使其成为实现世界和平的重要手段。     

宋辽金时期民族关系的表现形式

民族关系有好有坏,它总要通过一定的方式、途径表现出来。我国古代民族关系的表现形式多种多样,不同时代有不同的方式,但各种表现形式都有一定的传承性、继承性。宋辽金时期中原政权周围的民族政权较为强大,各政权之间、各民族之间战和不断,民族关系表现形式比较丰富也比较具有代表性。在这一时期民族战争、和亲、会盟、通贡、互市等我国古代较为常见的民族关系的表现形式得到较为全面的体现。     

古代晚期的红海贸易

3世纪危机前的红海贸易与古代晚期有很大的不同:帝国时期总体上相对模糊的贸易政策,到了古代晚期却在很大程度上直接干涉。具体而言,2世纪中期到4世纪早期,转折时代的红海贸易不断随着近东局势的变化而适应和调整着。4世纪,戴克里先和君士坦丁在这片地区重新塑造了秩序,并且稳定了东部地区的经济,使得红海贸易在古代晚期都非常地繁荣。5世纪是一个与戴克里先和君士坦丁所不同的时代。这段时期罗马参与红海地区的材料较为有限,帝国南部地区的冲突与紧张局势不断发生,例如埃及东部沙漠,阿克苏姆与希木叶尔。这段时期罗马在红海地区的利益受到了蚕食,但是红海贸易整体发展平稳。阿纳斯塔修斯与查士丁尼两位皇帝比历代皇帝更加关注红海贸易。随着对波斯的战役不断发酵,红海成为与远东地区连接唯一的路线。最后,两个帝国因为对于阿拉伯扩张以及政治和政策所驱动进行了战争。尽管6世纪是一个罗马对于红海地区加强的时代,但这段时期的红海贸易并没有比其他时代更加繁荣。而随着7世纪阿拉伯帝国的崛起,印度贸易改道波斯湾,红海贸易也就不可避免地衰落下去了。     

从西方化到本土化:英国的殖民统治与马来西亚的政治发展

马来西亚是政治发展较为成功的发展中国家。马来西亚政治发展的成功,在很大程度上是由于对殖民时期的政治遗产进行了适当的本土化改造,使民主与权威同时为政治稳定提供支撑,形成了介于民主与权威之问的政治体制。马来西亚政治发展的经验说明,发展中国家只有根据本国国情对继承而来的政治遗产进行本土化的改造,才能建立适合本国社会与历史特点的稳定的政治体制。西方的政治发展模式并不是普适性的真理,发展中国家在探寻政治发展道路过程中也可以形成自己的政治发展模式,从而使人类文明的发展变得更加丰富多彩。     

阿拉伯文化熏染下的景德镇元代青花瓷装饰

景德镇元代青花瓷是中华文化与阿拉伯文化共同哺育下的时代宠儿,是古代丝绸之路上中国输往中亚、西亚、南亚、东南亚以及欧洲的全球性商品,在世界陶瓷史上地位显赫、影响深远。本文以传世或出土(出水)的文物资料和前人的研究成果为依据,通过对阿拉伯文化与景德镇元代青花瓷色彩、造型、纹饰和构图方式等装饰艺术间紧密关系的分析与研究,进一步论证了景德镇元代青花瓷是中、阿文化艺术融合发展的历史产物。     

中国古代王朝战争的地缘模式探讨

中国古代王朝战争深受中国地缘环境的影响,并具有与地缘环境相应的地缘模式。这一特征不仅构成了中国古代战争规律的一个重要方面,而且很大程度上影响中国历史的进程。本文从中国古代战场(点)的地理分布、战争路线和战略方向的空间取向以及战略区域(面)的区位结构三个方面论述了这一模式的构成。力图揭示这三者之间的内在联系,从而在整体上呈现中国古代王朝战争所特有的地缘战争景观。     

Tangible Patriotism during the First World War: Individuals and the Nation in British Propaganda

This article explores several propaganda campaigns aimed at British civilians during 1917. Through examples from campaigns for War Savings, Food Economy and National Service, it argues that propaganda in this crisis year was as much about identifying small, tangible, contributions that individuals could make to the war effort as about more sensational accounts of enemy wrongdoing. Propagandists targeted all sections of society, offering children and some women new status through war work, promoting attractive working conditions for others, and reminding the wealthy of the social responsibilities that their greater economic freedom carried in wartime. The article suggests that the consensual, voluntarist approaches promoted during 1917 remained an important precursor to possible forms of compulsion.     

4. PARTISANS AND POPULATIONS: THE PLACE OF CIVILIANS IN WAR,ALGERIA (1954–62)

Carl Schmitt's influential text The Theory of the Partisan (1963) serves in this article to read the history of civilians in modern warfare, examining the case of Algeria (1954–62). Schmitt's argument that the partisan leads to a dangerous conceptual blurring in war, confusing soldier and civilian, friend and enemy, reveals important questions about the war, questions that are otherwise invisible in conventional readings of the archives. Notably it places in relief the figure of the “population,” a way that the French military conceptualized Algerian civilians and their place on the battlefield. The article argues that the population, as constituted in military theory, needs to be understood as the partisan's partner in contributing to the normlessness of violence. This offers both a new reading of the war in Algeria and the violence suffered by civilians, as well as a correction to Schmitt's politically one‐sided explanation of the problem of normlessness and modern warfare. Whereas Schmitt's revolutionary partisan is a figure of the left, the notion of the population originated among counter‐revolutionary French officers who rethought war in an effort to stop decolonization and reshape their own society along military lines. For them Algerian civilians served as a primary weapon against the National Liberation Front (FLN) by breaking up the nationalists’ claim to lead a single, undivided, and sovereign Algerian people. In effect, the notion of the population made Algerian civilians appear as potential enemies to the FLN, blurring the nationalists’ own understanding of the political configuration of the war, directly exposing civilians to its violence.     

‘Barbarity more suited to Savages’: British soldiers’ views of Spanish and Portuguese violence during the Peninsular War, 1808–1814

This article explores British soldiers’ reactions to the violence that Iberian soldiers, guerrillas and civilians perpetrated against wounded French soldiers and prisoners of war during the Peninsular War. Whilst they saw this violence as retaliatory, and sympathized with the suffering of the occupied, British soldiers were shocked, disturbed and outraged, often leading them to self-identify with their very enemy — the French. On one level, this violence was seen as a fundamental violation of customary rules of war. Yet further, in British minds it revealed a deeper Iberian culture of violence and way of war, which set the Iberian peoples apart from ‘civilized’ nations.     

Managing 'civilian deaths due to war operations': Yorkshire experiences during world war II

Air raid precautions prior to and during the Second World War included guidance on the burial of civilians who had been killed by enemy bombardment. The Ministry of Health Circular 1779 was published before the start of the war, on the understanding that 'scheme-making' authorities would need time to prepare for the interment of mass fatalities. As the Blitz got underway, tensions emerged between the state's pragmatic concerns to restrict the cost and resources afforded to burial, and the wish of many local authorities to secure decent burial for their citizens. Key issues on which there was disagreement included the state-proposed use of shrouds instead of coffins, and mass interment. These practices carried overtones of the much-hated pauper funeral and ran counter to the political imperative to present civilian death as 'heroic'. This local study is placed in the wider context of the history of death and burial, and provides an indicator of the strength of attachment to customary funerary ritual during the middle of the twentieth century.     

"WHEN THE GREAT PLANES CAME AND MADE ASHES OF OUR CITY …"1: TOWARDS AN ORAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE DISASTERS OF WAR.

This paper reconstructs a view of armed violence from the personal testimony of civilians who survived massive bombing of their neighborhoods. A majority of raid victims are “ordinary” civilians, primarily women, children, and the elderly. In World War II the most destructive city-wrecking campaigns were directed against the “morale” of these civilians. Their concerns and experience receive little consideration in the literature of air war, yet huge wartime and postwar surveys recorded first hand testimonies of those in heavily bombed cities in Germany, Japan and England. Women's words are given priority: they represent the majority of able-bodied persons under the bombs, and bear witness to the human ecology of violent experience: the disruptions of everyday life; the worlds of blackout and underground; the losses of home places and urban culture. They testify as well to the uneven social and spatial distribution of harm within cities, where death, damage and homelessness overwhelmingly affected working class and inner city areas. The paper also suggests that personal testimony should be recovered and incorporated into studies of neglected and disadvantaged people in “oral geography.” Some of the radical departures and methodological rethinking involved are considered in a final section.     

工业化时期德国西部城市的崛起及其影响

工业化时期是德国西部地区城市化发展的关键时期。这一时期该地区城市的发展速度明显加快,产业结构日益优化,城市体系逐渐完善,城市类型也朝着多样化的趋势发展。西部城市的强势崛起不仅得益于工业化的高速发展、大规模的铁路建设以及农业生产率的提高等因素,而且也加快了工业化进程,促进了经济重心的西移,进而带动了西北地区港口城市的快速成长。     

Wages of War: Manufacturing Nationalism During World War II

Abstract: During World War II the state created a new and deeper set of relationships with defense contractors. These contractors manufactured the vast majority of war materials and relied extensively on the state for financing. These same contractors also encouraged workers and civilians to understand their every minute action as contributing to the war effort. In order to fully integrate workers’ and civilians’ lives into the war effort, the state and industry created and distributed a war wage—a sense of contribution, national belonging, and sacrifice. In this paper I analyze the wartime records of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company in order to understand how the state and industry created the war wage alongside the military–industrial complex. With the help of the war wage, the state and industry radically expanded the production of war materials and enlisted a more compliant population of workers and civilians into the war effort.     

‘War against the mosquito’: Allies,Italians and malaria during the occupation of Puglia, 1943–1946

War and healthcare are inextricably linked. In fact, the prevalence of disease in the armed forces can inflict more damage than the enemy. The case of endemic malaria during the Italian campaign of 1943–1945 in the Second World War is an excellent example. The region of Puglia was one of the most malarial regions in Italy and provides a noteworthy case of Anglo-American endeavours to eliminate the mosquito during the Second World War. The high prevalence of endemic malaria in the area represented a substantial threat to the health of Allied forces and as a result to the Allied war effort. This article explores Allied efforts to protect both Italian civilians and Allied troops from malaria, in order to demonstrate how Allied health policies affected the Allied–Italian relationship.     

Be Part of the Story: A popular geopolitics of war comics aesthetics and Royal Air Force recruitment

This paper provides an analysis of images associated with the British Royal Air Force's recent ‘Be Part of the Story’ war comic-styled military recruiting campaign. Set around literatures in popular geopolitics, the paper builds on the concept of comic book visualities to suggest that the ‘Be Part of the Story’ images reproduce longstanding war comics conventions, and coherently represent the complex, relational and spatially disparate battlespaces of the present. The paper, firstly, provides a detailed history of war comics as they have mediated war to publics, and argues that war comics should figure more strongly in future studies of popular geopolitics. Secondly, it argues that more than simply part of a pervasive ‘cultural condition’ of militarization, military recruitment is a vital medium through which states and militaries view, and choose to represent their role in the world. Lastly, it demonstrates that ‘Be Part of the Story’ reproduces the violent visions, metaphors and cultural designations integral to state-centric narratives of global politics, and specifically, spatial principles inherent to network-centric warfare.     

Rumours of Angels: A Legend of the First World War

The present paper examines the origin and socio-historical context of the Angels of Mons, a belief-legend that was a source of inspiration for British civilians and troops serving on the Western Front during the war of 1914-8. I trace the source of the legend to a fictional story that was in itself inspired by traditions of supernatural intervention in battle that were of great antiquity. During 1915 two versions, one based upon fiction and the other created from the cauldron of rumour and popular belief, became combined and transformed during oral transmission into a belief-legend that continues to survive in English folklore. My conclusion is that the Angel of Mons can only be interpreted within the context of what Fussell describes as a world of reinvigorated myth that appeared in the midst of a war characterised by industrialism and materialism (Fussell 1975, 115).