三维重建在文物考古工作中的应用

随着高性能计算机技术的飞速发展与三维GIS技术、低空数字成像技术、多视角三维重建技术等的不断完善,运用真实三维模型来模拟、分析和展示各种考古遗迹、文物的方式越来越成熟。本文通过典型实例介绍了考古研究与文物保护中考古遗址、发掘区、可移动文物、标本等的三维重建和数据处理的技术与方法,提出随着信息获取、处理、展示技术的飞速发展,文物保护与考古研究中全方位空间信息的采集、模拟等技术的推广和运用显得越来越重要,可望为古代人地关系研究、文化遗产展示提供强有力的支持。     

考古现场的多视角三维重建北大核心CSSCI

考古调查、发掘与文物保护现场往往包含有建筑基址、墓葬、水系等遗迹,高低起伏很大,表面情况非常复杂。有时需要使用无人机拍摄与地面拍摄相结合的方法获取多视角影像,制作文化遗产的三维模型,才能全面记录考古现场的空间信息。出土的可移动文物形态千变万化,色彩多种多样,需要采用灵活多变的方法拍摄多视角影像,生成高精度的三维模型。各种文化遗产的三维模型为后续发掘报告整理、考古学研究、博物馆展示等奠定了丰厚的材料基础。而低成本、易操作的多视角三维重建技术,将会在考古学研究、文化遗产保护与展示中得到迅速、广泛、深入的运用。     

考古现场的多视角三维重建

考古调查、发掘与文物保护现场往往包含有建筑基址、墓葬、水系等遗迹,高低起伏很大,表面情况非常复杂。有时需要使用无人机拍摄与地面拍摄相结合的方法获取多视角影像,制作文化遗产的三维模型,才能全面记录考古现场的空间信息。出土的可移动文物形态千变万化,色彩多种多样,需要采用灵活多变的方法拍摄多视角影像,生成高精度的三维模型。各种文化遗产的三维模型为后续发掘报告整理、考古学研究、博物馆展示等奠定了丰厚的材料基础。而低成本、易操作的多视角三维重建技术,将会在考古学研究、文化遗产保护与展示中得到迅速、广泛、深入的运用。     

三维重建技术在考古中的应用——以杭州小古城遗址为例

对考古现场进行三维重建可以全方位地记录考古遗址和遗迹在不同时段的重要信息及其空间关系,对后续的遗址展示、绘图、研究分析具有重要意义。文章以浙江省杭州市余杭区径山镇小古城遗址部分发掘探方为研究对象,运用多视角三维重建技术制作三维模型,并生成正射影像和数字高程模型等成果,可满足考古绘图、三维展示、空间分析等需求。     

敦煌莫高窟第45窟彩塑高保真三维重建方法研究

彩塑三维重建是精确获取文物的三维几何和纹理信息的数字化技术,对于文物保护、数字档案建立、考古研究、展览展示以及移动数字博物馆建设等都具有重要的意义。莫高窟彩塑作为一种不可移动文物,受采集空间及丰富的纹理信息的影响,现有的三维重建方法尚不能在保证重建精度的基础上,准确还原文物表面的色彩信息。为此,通过研究和设计双相机结构光的FOTOMOULD三维重建系统,对莫高窟第45窟彩塑菩萨三维重建,在获取高精度几何信息的同时,达到了色彩、纹理、细节等高度还原的效果。     

考古地层的三维建模方法在秦始皇帝陵考古勘探中应用尝试

为了更清楚地展示秦始皇帝陵地区考古地层的三维空间关系,并为后期考古工作中空间数据挖掘做准备,借鉴三维地质建模技术,提出了考古地层三维建模方法。基于探孔数据构建了考古地层三维模型。该模型清楚地展示了秦始皇帝陵地区考古地层的三维空间关系,为田野考古数字化工作提供一种新思路、新方法。     

多时相三维激光扫描技术在考古发掘过程中的应用——以江苏孔塘遗址为例

三维激光扫描技术凭借快速、准确、无需接触文物表面等优势,已被越来越多地应用于文物保护和考古发掘工作中。江苏句容孔塘遗址在发掘过程中运用三维激光扫描技术不断跟进扫描,全面真实记录发掘过程中的各类遗迹的空间数据。在顾及遗存特征的前提下,对多时相墓葬点云数据进行了空间匹配、分割和缺失数据拟合等后期处理,重建遗址三维场景,直观展示多期遗存的时空关系,为后期考古研究推理提供了数据支持。     

大型高浮雕石质文物的数字化探索——以云冈石窟为例

精准的测绘记录是保护和展示石窟艺术的重要手段,但传统的手工测绘和立体摄影测绘,均不能立体、准确、全方位地展示石窟艺术的真实面貌。随着三维激光扫描测绘技术的出现与推广,获得更加丰富、全面、精准的石窟艺术信息成为可能。针对云冈石窟高浮雕造像的特点,三维激光扫描技术被引入,并在文物档案的建立、石窟的科技保护、考古研究、数字化云冈的制作等工作等领域形成了以三维激光扫描与数字近景摄影测量为主、毫米级精度的数字化技术路线。     

Agisoft Photoscan照片建模技术在考古中的应用

照片建模技术是指利用数码照片重建物体的三维模型的技术。和其他建模方法相比,Agisoft Photoscan照片建模技术的最大特点就是成本低,操作简单,整个建模过程由软件自动完成。在考古发掘过程中对遗迹现象、地层等拍摄数码照片,利用照片它能够快速、准确的完成三维数据模型的重建,真实的记录、保存大量发掘过程中的原始信息,便于再现不同阶段的发掘现场,也有助于遗存数字化信息的永久保存,为后续全方位的研究和虚拟化展示提供了充分保障。本研究将以洛阳定鼎门遗址博物馆前的小型建筑和一座墓葬为例,介绍Agisoft Photoscan重建遗物及遗迹3D数字模型的方法和流程以及在考古方面的应用。鉴于其对数据采集的高效性、简便的操作性以及快速建立遗迹三维数据模型的能力,在考古工作中将有着巨大的应用前景。     

基于GIS、VR技术的考古对象的数据采集、复原和展示

GIS技术、VR技术是以计算机技术和通信技术为主要技术支撑,用于采集、存储、分析、管理、展示与传播信息的新型信息技术。考古领域应用G IS、VR技术,一方面可以对考古对象做数据采集,进行建模和复原,实现数据的信息化管理、建设数字博物馆,一方面以空间数据库为基础,使用地理模型分析等方法,为考古工作和研究服务。随着GIS和VR技术等信息技术在考古和文化遗产领域的推广,将为中国古代文化的研究提供新型高效的技术手段,拓展文化遗产保护、研究和展示的新形式,丰富文化遗产的内涵,极大地提升文化遗产研究、保护的信息化水平。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.