THE VALUE OF WATER VALUES: DEPARTING FROM GEOGRAPHY TOWARDS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY SYNTHESIS

Water valuation represents both an opportunity and a challenge for interdisciplinary scholarly research, given that it can mobilize academic work beyond unnecessary cleavages between physical and social sciences. The article revisits the most common valuation approaches – namely, water as an economic resource, entangled in commodification strategies and embedded in cultural heritages – as important, but incomplete, considerations of the multitude of water values. While previous publications have dealt with the values held by different social groups and by the territorialized manifestation of water values, the limitations of prevailing valuation strategies are discussed here and a relational synthesis is proposed. As relevant as the examination of particular values (e.g. economic, non‐economic, religious, cultural, aesthetic values, etc.) is the realization that the valuation of water is articulated according to socionatural interdependencies and the historic‐geographical trajectories of individuals and groups. Water valuation is, therefore, premised on a relational, holistic ontology, in the sense that values are necessarily interrelated and emerge out of concrete, politicized socionatural interactions. Making use of relevant examples, it is argued that the valuation of water is ultimately a political statement that synthesizes mechanisms of cooperation and competition between individuals and social groups for the allocation, use and conservation of water. Such politicized understanding of the interconnections between water values provides a helpful entry point into the causes and consequences of water management problems. These are all profoundly geographical, but also interdisciplinary, questions, as water values reflect multiscale connections between local processes and wider relations of production, consumption and reproduction.     

THE IDENTITY OF THE MISSING TOGATUS AND OTHER CLUES TO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE GEMMA AUGUSTEA

Summary. (see Figs. 1 and 3) In previous attempts at an interpretation of what is depicted on the famous Gemma Augustea in Vienna, little if any attention has been paid to the missing figure whose toga folds can be seen between the spokes of the chariot wheel near the left-hand edge of the cameo. This figure is undoubtedly of crucial importance. According to the hypothesis advanced in the present paper, the cameo represents the glorification of Germanicus (no. 2) following his successes in the Pannonian war AD 6–9. He is welcomed by his stepfather Tiberius (no. 1, the missing togatus) and ceremonially presented to the emperor (no. 6); the younger Drusus is also in attendance (no. 4). Augustus is crowned supreme victor by the Magna Mater (no. 7), whose assistance he had invoked at the beginning of the war. In the lower register are barbarian captives and personifications: on the left, beneath a trophy in process of erection by Roman soldiers, the Pannonian leader Pinnes, and 'Pannonia'(nos. 14–15); on the right the Dalmation leader Bato, and 'Dalmatia'(nos. 21–22). The latter are receiving rough treatment at the hands of Bendis and Neoptolemos (nos. 19–20), tutelary representatives of Thrace and continental Greece, respectively. After Germanicus' death in AD 19 Tiberius' figure was deliberately removed, presumably at the instigation of Germanicus' widow Agrippina. If so, the cameo is likely to have been confiscated and transferred to the Imperial Treasury on her banishment in AD 29.     

TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING OF SPATIO‐TEMPORAL DYNAMICS AT GREAT ZIMBABWE: CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE URBAN ORIGINS IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA PROGRAMME

In 1987 archaeologists from nine African countries and colleagues from Sweden began a co‐operation programme to study urbanism in eastern and southern Africa under the auspices of The Urban Origins programme. The programme involved 22 parallel field projects throughout the West Indian Ocean region and the southern Africa interior. The article presents a compilation of diverse material on Great Zimbabwe that has been scattered in different fora. The research was directed by an overall approach that investigations in urban archaeology in Africa must be at the same scale that people lived in the past. The results briefly presented here show the potential of multivariate assessments of the spatial distributions of large‐scale urban sites in Africa.     

对华贸易摩擦与我国对外贸易地理方向调整——基于收入需求偏好相似理论的分析

近来对华贸易摩擦数量更是呈现上升趋势。我国应该从贸易摩擦的国内原因着手,提升本国的国际竞争力。当前对华贸易摩擦与我国偏向性的对外贸易地理方向表现出重合性。要从根本上解决当前困境,就应该利用需求偏好相似理论逐步调整对外贸易方向,把原有的欧、美、日为主要导向出口贸易调整到各大洲并重的全球贸易战略。我国应特别注重拓展非洲、拉美市场,在缓解贸易摩擦危害的同时使中国走向贸易强国。     

TOWARDS AN EXPLANATION OF THE DEARTH OF CERAMIC FINE WARES IN CYPRUS AND PARTS OF THE LEVANT BETWEEN AD 150 AND 300

The article focuses on a rarely acknowledged cultural phenomenon – the steep decline of ceramic fine wares in parts of the Eastern Mediterranean between about AD 150 and 300 and explores possible reasons behind the dearth of these table wares, as attested through archaeological projects, in particular in Cyprus. As an explanatory model a “Product Life‐Cycle Theory” is tested against available data, in conjunction with other factors such as depletion of clay supplies and timber resources.     

旅游目的地定位突出属性的识别——轮换方格分析技术的运用

随着旅游市场竞争日趋激烈,目的地定位的重要性愈加突出。然而,国内研究和实践对"把握旅游者兴趣和需求"这一定位首要工作普遍认识不足,且实施不到位。鉴于此,本研究对目的地定位中"击中消费者心灵"这一关键环节的实施从理论和实证上进行了阐释。理论上,分析了目的地突出属性与定位之间的关系及当前国内误区。实证上,引入轮换方格分析法,以国内十大海滨城市目的地为要素,阐释了识别旅游者对竞争目的地相比较的目的地突出属性的方法程序。此外,对旅游者访谈结果与目的地业界代表访谈结果的比较发现,供需双方在旅游者需求的认识上不吻合。文章最后还对本研究的应用价值和局限做了总结。     

PANGAEA'S RETURN: TOWARDS AN ONTOLOGY OF INVASIVE LIFE

Invasive life has received much attention in recent years, being a prime example of the complex socio‐natural entanglements characterizing the present condition of the world. In this article we argue for an ontology of invasive life, consisting of three aspects. First, invasive life does indeed exist; second, it is deeply entangled with political action; and third, it has the capacity to produce new assemblages of socio‐natural phenomena. A recognition of these ontological premises opens up for analyses that go beyond the discussions of scientific moral judgement, and which will be a necessary part of reformulating the politics of human–nonhuman relations. The articulation of an invasive life ontology and its associated political project is inspired by, and vice versa serves as an introduction for, the following articles in this special issue, which address various aspects of these concerns.     

THE OBSIDIAN IN THE AEGEAN BEYOND MELOS: AN OUTLOOK FROM YALI

Summary.   Obsidian is an important material circulated throughout the Aegean. Melian obsidian is found at many sites and researchers have concentrated on Melos without acknowledging obsidian from other sources. This article endeavours to highlight obsidian of non-Melian origin, such as that from the Carpathians, central Anatolia, Antiparos and, particularly, Yali. It is demonstrated that this latter source was a central one for certain islands, with its obsidian found at a number of sites in the Dodecanese and beyond. It is also emphasized that there were circulation modes of obsidian parallel to that of Melos, as well as different procurement conditions. Therefore, by including important regional sources such as Yali in the obsidian discourse, our understanding of obsidian exchange and circulation is enriched.     

PREHISTORIC ROCK ART FROM PAINTED BLUFF AND THE LANDSCAPE OF NORTH ALABAMA ROCK ART

Abstract

Painted Bluff in northern Alabama is one of the richest and most elaborate open-air rock art localities in the Eastern Woodlands, rivaling some of the Southeast’s dark zone cave art sites discovered over the past several decades. Known for more than a century, the site has never seen detailed documentation until now. Painted Bluff contains motifs similar to iconography associated with Mississippian ceremonial objects, and a radiocarbon age determination (cal A.D. 1300–1440) would indicate contemporary use of the site. More than 80 images were painted on the cliffs, most using red mineral pigments but some reflecting polychromatic use of differently colored minerals. We present examples of the Painted Bluff artwork and discuss the site in the broader context of prehistoric rock art on the southern Cumberland Plateau and in northern Alabama.     

TEMPORAL TRENDS IN NATIVE CERAMIC TRADITIONS OF THE LOWER CATAWBA RIVER VALLEY

Abstract

Bennie Keel’s 1972 work at Upper Sauratown was the opening salvo of the Research Laboratories of Archaeology’s 30-year Siouan Project, which continues under the guise of the ongoing Catawba Project. Keel’s early work at the protohistoric Hardins and early historic era Belk Farm sites in the Catawba River Valley continues to inform the current phase of Piedmont Siouan research. This study compares and contrasts Keel’s Hardins and Belk Farm ceramic assemblages with those from the later Catawba sites of Nassaw Town, Old Town, and New Town to achieve a diachronic view of Catawba ceramic development. This comparison reveals a long span of stylistic and technological continuity abruptly terminated by rapid emergence of the modern Catawba ceramic tradition between 1760 and 1770.     

EXTENDED MEANING AND UNDERSTANDING IN THE HISTORY OF IDEAS

Many historians focus primarily on authors' “intended meanings.” Yet all textual interpreters, including historians, need a second kind of meaning. I call this idea “extended meaning,” a new name for an old idea: “P means Q” is the same as “P logically implies Q.” Extended and intended meaning involve different kinds of understanding: even if we grasp exactly what authors meant, we miss something important if we overlook their errors, for example. Crucially, extended and intended meaning are not alternatives: just as some parts of texts cannot be understood without historical analysis, so too some parts of texts cannot be understood without philosophical analysis. Indeed, some historians are adept at using extended meanings to recover intended meanings. But the failure to make this explicit has led many historians to undervalue philosophical analysis. This article thus applies the idea of extended meaning to three practical questions: whether we can deviate from authors' intended meanings, whether we can use anachronisms, and how we can use extended meanings to recover intended meanings. The idea of extended meaning thus strengthens our theoretical foundations and offers valuable practical tools.