"文革"时期妇联组织演变的历史考察

"文化大革命"爆发后,在改造"旧国家机器"的运动指向下,各级妇联遭受了组织冲击,妇联组织的存废也作为一个问题而提出;受夺权风暴和全面动乱的影响,至1968年革委会新体制建立前后,全国妇联实行了"军管",地方各级妇联亦陷入解体状态;妇女组织体系的摧毁和革委会体制的缺陷,使妇女工作弱化,同时也彰显了妇联组织的重要性;随着1970年后中央在妇联组织存废问题上的态度由模糊不定转为明确的整顿健全,妇联自下而上地完成了从基层至省级的组织重建,但由于在一系列理论与实际问题上难以澄清是非,全国妇联的组织重建未能完成.     

"两案"的审理及其历史经验

依照宪法、刑法和刑事诉讼法,1980年司法机关对林彪、江青两个反革命集团进行了公开审判.由于涉案的十名主犯中有九人是我党的高级干部,且他们的犯罪活动是在"文化大革命"这个特定的历史时期,因此中共中央决定成立以彭真为主任的两案审判指导委员会,五届人大常委会第十六次会议决定成立最高人民检察院特别检察厅和最高人民法院特别法庭进行审理.审理工作本着"以事实为根据,以法律为准绳"的原则,严格依法办事,"两案"的审理显示了法律的尊严,推进了民主与法制的进程,是建国以来法制建设中一个引人注目的里程碑.     

论阿格尔的"生态学马克思主义"及其借鉴意义

"生态学马克思主义"是产生于20世纪70年代的西方绿色运动的左翼社会思潮。他们力图从生态危机及由此而引发的生态运动中找到与马克思主义的结合点。本.阿格尔是"生态学马克思主义"的典型代表人物。他批判了资本主义"异化消费"现象,主张建立"稳态经济"模式摆脱生态危机,并把北美的民粹主义与马克思主义结合起来寻求社会主义革命道路。这些主张无疑对于今天的社会主义建设具有一定的借鉴意义,但同时也有不可避免的历史局限性。     

"三个代表"重要思想的双重主题及其理论体系

对"建设什么样的党、怎样建设党"和"什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义"的回答,是"三个代表"重要思想的双重主题."三个代表"重要思想具有党的建设理论和中国特色社会主义建设理论两大体系.辩证认识"三个代表"重要思想的双重主题及其理论体系,有助于准确把握"三个代表"重要思想的历史地位.     

“六日战争”对以色列社会的影响

1967年爆发的"六日战争"激活了以色列社会多种变化的因子.战后安全形势的改变、国民自豪感的形成以及社会融合步伐的加快,无疑促进了民族国家的建构.但是,随之而来的自我意识的膨胀、宗教势力的强大以及民族主义情绪的上升,也对以色列社会产生了不可忽视的消极影响."六日战争"充分证明了现代战争的多重性功能与多元化后果,也为研究战争与社会的关系提供了典型的个案.     

"韩流"对韩国旅游形象的影响

本文在广泛调查的基础上,运用多元统计技术分析了"韩流"对韩国旅游形象的影响程度,并探讨了访问意向与实际到访、游后评价以及旅游形象之间的关系等重要问题.     

朝鲜族农村妇女流动及其社会影响

自上个世纪九十年代起,随改革开放而产生的特殊社会群体—朝鲜族农村妇女的外流问题,越来越成为一个备受关注的社会问题。认真分析朝鲜族农村妇女外流的现状、特点及其影响,积极探求解决朝鲜族农村妇女外流问题的对策,不仅关乎到朝鲜族农村妇女的自我实现价值问题,也关乎到少数民族地区的发展和构建和谐社会发展,需要社会全方位的关注和支持。     

王湾三期文化的南渐及其相关问题

王湾三期文化早期主要分布于豫中和豫西东部地区,晚期分布地域明显向南扩张,可分为王湾、煤山、杨庄二期和乱石滩四个地方类型,后两个类型系王湾三期文化取代分布于豫南、豫西南和鄂西北地区的石家河文化后形成的,是"禹征三苗"的考古学反映.二里头文化一期集中分布于嵩山周围一带,二期始进抵驻马店-南阳一线.所谓"新砦期"早段实属王湾三期文化最晚阶段的遗存,晚段应属二里头文化一期偏早阶段的遗存,二里头文化一期是目前所知最早的夏文化.     

全面二胎政策下西安市育龄期妇女二胎生育意愿及其影响因素研究

目的:探讨西安市育龄期妇女二胎生育意愿现状及影响因素,为提高我国育龄期妇女二胎生育意愿提供参考.方法:2019年9～12月期间,选取符合纳入标准的1200例西安市育龄期妇女为研究对象,通过发放自行设计的问卷来收集数据,利用SPSS进行数据分析.结果:在全面二胎政策下,50.6％的西安市育龄期妇女愿意生育二胎,通过Log...     

试析纳瓦依的《五卷诗》及其影响

纳瓦依是维吾尔文学史上伟大的作家,他的作品是雏吾尔丈学的典型代表,对15世纪的维吾尔文学及现代文学产生了巨大的影响.纳瓦依的《五卷诗》是其文学创作的一个巅峰,也是维吾尔文学史上一部划世代的作品.它是伊斯兰文学中的"海米塞"创作历史上的最光辉的艺术典范,后来的维吾尔知识分子把纳瓦依的《五卷诗》奉为宝书,他们把它抄录下来,加以保存.至今,新疆各地都找到了许多纳瓦依作品的手抄版本,除此之外,在民间还收藏着多种手抄本。     

The birth control movement before Roe v. Wade

This essay synthesizes the history of the birth control movement in the US and describes changes in sexual behavior, social values, and public policy in order to provide a context for the changes in human reproductive public policy. After an introduction, the essay outlines the history of contraception from the early nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries. Part 3 covers the period of World War I to the Depression when civil libertarians and eugenicists began to question the suppression of contraception and Margaret Sanger organized her clinics. The fourth part of the essay carries the history forward to the end of World War II, a period in which Dr. Clarence J. Gamble began to expose the marketing of defective contraceptive methods and to illustrate the willingness of poor women to accept contraceptives. The social changes which began in the 1950s are the subject of the fifth section of the essay. During this period, Roman Catholic opposition to contraception lessened, and social scientists began to focus world attention on overpopulation. Frank Notestein was appointed the first head of the Office of Population Research at Princeton, and John D. Rockefeller III founded the Population Council which conducted research into the IUD and began to attempt to influence population growth in nonindustrialized countries. This period also saw the development of the oral contraceptive. The changes of this era were institutionalized in 1967 when the federal government took a positive stance towards family planning in its Social Security Amendments. The decade of the 1970s is the subject of the last part of this essay. This period saw the Supreme Court assign a constitutionally protected right to abortion and Congress pass the Helms Amendment which denied the use of foreign aid funds for abortions. Challenges to the right to individual birth control practice continued during this period, and debate centered around the specter of overpopulation, the threat of adolescent pregnancy, and perceptions of "family values."     

"Sound law and undoubtedly good policy": Roe v. Wade in comparative perspective

This article traces the abortion reform processes in the US, the UK, and Australia to reveal the underlying rhetoric and policy rationales which served to fuel abortion reform. The early abortion legislation in Great Britain, Australia, and Texas is described to lay the groundwork for a discussion on the widespread modification the laws were subject to through medical practice and judicial interpretation. In 1938, a trial judge in Britain carved out a legal loophole to sway a jury to acquit a physician who openly performed an abortion on a 14-year-old rape victim. The judge found that the law neither prohibited abortion absolutely nor permitted unrestricted medical discretion, but rather lay within the two extremes. Before the 1960s, psychiatric subterfuges were used by physicians as justification for performing abortions for "social" reasons, but reform was spearheaded by concerns about rape, incest, and fetal damage (especially after exposure to rubella or thalidomide). Reformers also argued that abortion would reduce poverty, and it soon became clear that all but the poor could obtain safe abortions. Claims were also made that abortion had historically been allowed before quickening. A new consensus grew and was encouraged by physicians who accepted abortion because it furthered social justice. The law struggled to keep up. In Britain a major reform bill was enacted by Parliament. In Australia, the police gave up trying to prosecute doctors as judges interpreted the law in such a way as to render the doctors innocent of wrongdoing, and, in the US, some states adopted liberal laws. The Roe vs. Wade decision in the US, therefore, may have made abortion a constitutional issue through use of the doctrine of privacy, but the other elements of the decision reflected the situation in the UK and Australia. For example, the Row decision relies on the physician-patient relationship to regulate abortion on demand. Also, the decision acknowledges that conflicting rights exist which allow the law to neither prohibit abortion nor leave it entirely unrestricted. In each country, the legislation is centered on the professional competence of the practitioner and on the provision of abortion before quickening. This reliance on a medical decision imbues the abortion debate with a certain ambiguity which is shared by all three countries.     

唃厮啰及其政权考述

宋代河湟吐蕃首领厮的出生地并非今新疆高昌之磨榆国,而是阿里芒域郭仓朵。厮在河湟也并非孤身一人,而是整个家族。所辖范围主要是一江四河流域,即白龙江流域的下迭一带和黄河流域、洮河流域、大夏河流域及湟水流域。其一生娶了三房妻室,大妃在青唐城,二妃在会川,三妃在巴钦(积石山)。其政权与宋王朝保持友好关系,且与河湟周边各部落和睦相处。很多家族成员在北宋担任大小官吏。     

试析民国初期华侨双重国籍的负面影响——以简照南恢复国籍案为例

五四抵制日货运动中,英美烟草公司利用中国国内的抵制日货运动,趁机揭露和指责简照南加入日本籍、南洋兄弟烟草公司是日资公司。南洋兄弟烟草公司因此遭受中国民众排斥,并被农商部吊销了执照。为摆脱危机,简照南和南洋烟草公司展开了一场以挽救其中国国籍为核心的行动,并获得国内诸多团体及华侨的支持。简氏复籍终获成功,南洋烟草公司也得以恢复注册为国货公司。此案揭示,在民族主义运动中,国籍、国货身份成为重要标识,双重国籍致使国民身份模糊,有时会带来很大负面影响。     

华侨华人创业的模式及其影响因素分析——基于上海市的调查

本文以上海为实例,依据创业模式的相关理论,分析了华侨华人在大陆投资创业的主要模式划分、基本特点以及创业模式选择的影响因素。结果表明,华侨华人成功创业与其选择正确的创业模式密切相关,创业模式的选择与行业的关联程度较高,同时,创业模式的选择也与创业者对物质资本、技术资本及人力资本的拥有量密切相关。     

A Challenge to Presidential Wars: Smith v. Obama

From World War II to the present time, presidents have exceeded constitutional and statutory authority in exercising the war power. In doing so, they violate the rule of law, the principle of self-government, and the system of checks and balances. The U.S. Constitution expressly rejected the British model that placed with the Executive exclusive authority over external affairs, including taking the country from a state of peace to one of war. The Framers assigned that power solely to Congress. A lawsuit filed in 2016, Smith v. Obama, asked a federal district court to decide whether President Obama may engage in war without receiving express authority from Congress.     

日本文化对周作人女性思想的影响

周作人女性思想作为五四女性解放思潮的重要组成部分,是时代催生的结果,更是世界近现代文明浇灌出的一束奇葩。它的来源驳杂广泛,既有西方近代的人本主义自由主义,也有弗雷泽文化人类学、安特路朗的神话学、威思忒玛克的伦理学、倍倍尔的妇女论,还包括蔼里斯的性心理学、弗洛伊德的精神分析、胜家、富士川的医学史等,其中最为人们所关注的莫过于来自英国思想家蔼里斯的影响。…………     

Mapp v. Ohio Revisited: A Law Clerk's Diary

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