新疆博物馆新获纸质文书结构与成分的分析研究

新疆维吾尔自治区博物馆于2009年征集纸质文物111件,为了保护修复这批纸质文物,选取具有典型病害的五件纸质文物,采用含水率测定仪、纤维测量仪、偏光显微镜、扫描电镜-能谱分析仪等进行了分析检测,以研究这批纸质文物的保存现状、原料成分、制作工艺及病害等信息,为制定保护修复方案提供科学依据。检测结果表明,这批纸质文物的纤维成分以麻纤维为主,制作过程中加进了高岭土、碳酸钙和滑石粉为主的填料,部分纸张经过了施胶处理。同时,纤维多数已经断裂成短的纤维段,几乎很难见完整的纤维,且有成堆的絮状物出现,表明纸张保存状况不佳。     

故宫宁寿宫花园遂初堂糊饰的材料、工艺与装饰历史

宁寿宫花园的遂初堂西梢间墙面保存了清中期的多层裱糊残迹。据档案推断,现存四个时期的糊饰分别制作于乾隆三十九至四十一年、嘉庆七年、嘉庆十七年和道光元年。其面纸均为蓝地樱花图案,颇具日本美术装饰特色。推测此种纸张即造办处档案中所谓“倭子纸”,系江南工匠根据日本进口纸张仿制。科学检测表明,四次糊饰使用相同的制作材料和工艺：以竹纸作为面纸,纸上以刷染法均匀涂布地色,再用凸版印制樱花图案。浅蓝地色颜料由靛蓝、蛤粉调和而成,樱花的橙色颜料成分包括片红土、蛤粉和云母,胶结材料均为动物胶,并加入滑石作为填料。乾隆时期的初次裱糊施做了油灰地仗层,并以两层构皮纸作为底纸,粘结剂为淀粉浆糊。面纸纸张经过上蜡处理,即清宫档案中所谓“蜡花纸”。     

几件明清时期书画装裱用纸的检测和相关问题分析

纸张的好坏及使用位置和使用方法的恰当与否直接关系到书画装裱和修复的好坏,是影响书画装裱修复的重要因素。为此通过对明清时期几件书画装裱用纸进行了检测分析,发现明清时期书画装裱用纸中以竹纸和有竹子为原料的纸张居多,不同纸张分别应用在不同环节上,同时,宣纸也作为书画装裱用纸使用。这和当时文献中记载的情况大致相似。     

敦煌悬泉置出土古纸考述

敦煌悬泉置出土的汉代古纸以麻类植物纤维为主，其数量众多，产生时代跨越汉晋两个历史时期，时代最早的麻纸可追溯至西汉时期。这批古纸展现出我国古代造纸技术从早期浇纸法逐渐改良为抄纸法、从最初用于物品包装逐渐成为书写材料的发展趋势。同时，简牍作为当时的主要书写载体，其在尺寸形制上的规定也成为纸张等其他书写材料制作的标准。     

印钞所用钞纸水印谈

１纸张抄造的历史中国,作为发明造纸工艺、火药、活字印刷和指南针而著名于世的泱泱大国,自公元二世纪东汉蔡伦发明造纸以来,确立了世界造纸古国的地位。中国早期的手工抄纸工艺,由捞纸、烘焙、晾干几个主要工序来完成原始纸张的制作。自唐代开始,造纸法由中国逐渐...     

湖北襄阳余岗、沈岗楚墓出土青铜器的检测分析

文章使用XRF、金相显微镜对湖北襄阳余岗、沈岗楚墓出土的部分青铜器进行检测分析。这批样品的出土地历来为兵家必争之地,其文化背景多样,出土样品时间跨度较大,从春秋中期到战国中晚期,期间经历了数百年时间。从成分分析结果看,这批青铜器主要为铜锡铅三元合金,合金配比与加工工艺根据器物性能的不同采用针对性的技术,合金配比逐渐优化,冶铸工艺逐渐走向成熟。从金相分析结果看,这批青铜器的制作工艺以铸造为主,两件薄壁容器为锻制而成,为研究早期锻制青铜容器提供了资料。焊料为接近各半配比的铅锡焊料,表现了春秋战国之际楚国工匠成熟的钎焊技术。分析结果为研究春秋战国时期楚国青铜器制作加工技术提供了资料。     

西藏博物馆藏普度明太祖长卷的调查和科学研究

西藏博物馆藏普度明太祖长卷是我国现存最早的明代长幅画卷,画幅和5种文字书写的题记构成画心主体。长卷病害严重,亟需进行保护修复。本工作对该长卷的装裱形制、工艺进行了全面的分析,发现长卷总体上采用了中国传统的长卷装裱形制,从头至尾的结构依次是米贴、天头、隔水、画心、地头、轴杆,不同之处在于长卷上下边缘采用红色和绿色丝织品包边、背衬五彩夹缬,具有典型的西藏地域特征,是汉藏不同装裱工艺结合的实物见证。同时,本工作也对长卷保存状况进行了综合评估,主要病害包括磨损、虫蛀、断裂、折痕、污渍、字迹脱落、不当修复等。其中断裂和颜料的大量脱落及磨损与装裱形制有关,五彩夹缬质地粗糙,红色和绿色包边造成长卷上下边与中间部分层数不同,厚度差异较大,是长卷上下区域颜料磨损比中间更加严重的原因。进一步采用了视频显微镜观察、拉曼光谱法、X射线荧光光谱法、光纤光谱法和高光谱成像等多种无损(微损)检测手段对长卷绘画和装裱材料进行了综合研究。首次明确了长卷画心所用纸张为中国传统手工纸(以结香为原料,帘纹清晰可见,表面经过了涂布加工处理),命纸为桑皮纸,覆背纸是以桑皮、构皮和竹为原料制作的手工纸。绘画主色材料以矿物颜料为主,...     

赣州慈云寺塔所出《妙法莲华经》卷三“化城喻品第七”刻本残卷年代考

2004年,江西慈云寺塔所出、赣州市博物馆收藏的《妙法莲华经》卷三“化城喻品第七”刻本残卷为中国早期稀见刻经,根据塔藏文化生态、刻本字体、纸张三方面判断,此卷当为晚唐五代刻本。这一刻经的发现,填补了赣州地区唐五代时期刻本的空白,也将南方刻经的历史追溯到了晚唐时代,对中国古籍版刻史的研究意义重大。     

故宫大高玄殿镊头钉的初步分析和工艺探究

位于北京紫禁城外西北角的大高玄殿,是明清两代皇家御用的道教宫殿建筑群。2015年4月,故宫博物院开始对其进行研究型保护修缮,在修缮过程中提取了9件镊头钉样品并利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜能谱仪对其进行了分析,其中8件材质为纯铁,1件材质为亚共析钢,均锻造成型,夹杂物主要为复相加杂。研究表明这批构件可能具有不同来源或不同年代。这一发现为大高玄殿在历史上曾有多次维修的信息提供了有力佐证,同时也为镊头钉的工艺探究及修缮保护提供了科学依据。对现代镊头钉制作作坊进行调研,知其选用钢筋作为原料,材料质量高于古代材料。     

契丹国志

又称《契丹志》或《辽志》,是记述契丹族史、辽朝史较早较有系统的一部史书,题名宋叶隆礼撰,实际成书于南宋末至元初。也有学者认为作者叶隆礼为后人假托,但各种版本均相承沿用。现存版本以北京图书馆藏黄丕烈题跋元刻本最早,以嘉庆二年(1797年)席世臣校刻的扫叶山房本流传最广。此外还有乾隆五十八年(1793年)承恩堂刻本和明清时期抄本、节抄本多种以及民国年间印行的席刻本。1985年上海古籍出版社的校点本,是以     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Garibaldi and Mazzini: thought and action

Abstract

The relationship between Mazzini and Garibaldi is described in its ideological roots and in its political developments, in order to show their different attitude towards the Italian unification. Although their first misunderstanding happened during the Roman Republic in 1849, Mazzini's influence is still strong in the organization and in the success of the liberation of Two Sicilies in 1860, particularly through Francesco Crispi. The final personal break was caused by the unlucky experience of the Mentana expedition (1867), when Garibaldi failed to free Rome. Fundamental ideas as democracy, republic, social justice, humanity and universal brotherhood have been however always common to them. The two protagonists of Risorgimento never intended accepting the role to which their fateful encounter prompted them – the one to provide the brawn and the other the brains for Italy's liberation. Just as Mazzini never renounced involving himself in the operational decisions of the movement, Garibaldi never gave up his own way of thinking and looking at things.     

千泉、白水城和恭御城考辨

根据汉籍史料和阿拉伯地理文献,区分了中外史料记述的不同,考辨了千泉、白水城和恭御城的方位。玄奘所言"千泉",当在今哈萨克斯坦的梅尔克;玄奘所言千泉与阿拉伯地理学家所记之千泉,并非指称同一地方。玄奘所记白水城与阿拉伯地理学家所记之白水城(Isfijab)不能相等同;玄奘所记"白水",似应"泉"字之讹,即为阿拉伯地理学家所记之千泉(Abarjaj);而玄奘所记"恭御城"是阿拉伯地理学家所记之白水城。     

解读《边城》和《苔丝》中的画面与音乐

《边城》和《德伯家的苔丝》(简称《苔丝》)分别是中英两国“乡土文学”的典型代表沈从文和哈代的主要代表作。两位作家将画面与音乐视为文字之外的语义载体,填补了文字所不能表达的空白,丰富了作品的主题意境。     

原真性与完整性:质疑、新知与启示

在世界遗产理论发展路程中,对遗产原真性及完整性的质疑和思考是推动理论不断丰富完善的一股重要动力。完整性适用于所有遗产地,整体保护政策正是对完整性这一命题的呼应和阐释。对遗产原真性的质疑主要表现在非物质文化遗产方面,特别是活态遗产,现在遗产界已经越来越认识到非物质遗产不能简单套用物质遗产的原真性,非物质文化遗产环境的原真性要素也可以表现为一种"演进中的原真性"。因质疑而思考,进而获得新知。这一途径启示我们,应以一种开放性的、持续完善的思维和态度来对待遗产事业。     

Geography and psychoanalysis: Tensions and possibilities

I am concerned in this paper with the diversity of psychoanalysis, a feature of the discipline which we can connect with diasporas and the re-working of ideas in different locales. I try to demonstrate how experience and environment have contributed to the development of psychoanalysis. Key to the production of knowledge are the journeys of theorists, practitioners and ideas. Following Liz Bondi, I stress the importance of acknowledging the connection between experience, theory and practice in our own work. I suggest that geographers can follow those psychoanalysts who have moved from the clinic to broader political projects but that they should engage with recent critical research in psychoanalysis if a dialogue is to develop.     

Dictatorships and Revolutions in Portugal and Chile: Ethnography,Memory and Invisibilities

This article discusses the relation between ethnography and underexposure of memory. Displaying similar characteristics, the ethnographies we developed in Portugal and Chile dealt precisely with this thematic in different chronological periods. We are going to point out our fieldwork convergences, specifically in what concerns the data recollection process.     

真品与高仿、粗仿青花瓷热释光及成分分析对比实验

为了防止有人以假乱真,扰乱古董市场的健康发展,为此通过三种青花瓷碎片(真品、高仿、粗仿)的热释光及微探针型X荧光分析对比,找出三者的不同。结果表明,热释光法可以直接给出真伪。从X荧光得到成分来对比此三种瓷片的异同结果,建议用瓷胎的多个主、微量元素一起来分析对比,才易于得到正确的结论。     

Engineers and engineering history: problems and perspectives

In past decades, the history of engineers and engineering has seen spectacular development. Despite this, major interrogations are still left unanswered. This article examines some of these pending questions, like the type of relation that exists between engineering knowledge and practice, or the complex articulation between continuities and discontinuities that characterizes engineering history. Finally, the article proposes to focus on engineering rationality as a possible way to address some of these issues. In order to do so, engineering rationality is not to be confused with some kind of generic and abstract logic. On the contrary, it must be historicized.