探讨农村社会保障制度的公平与效率

公平与效率是人类追求的永恒主题,同时也是人类社会发展过程中遇到的难题,公平与效率二者是密切联系,相辅相成的矛盾体,时而对立、时而统一,因此如何才能确保我国农村社会保障制度在兼顾公平的基础上提高效率是党和国家亟待解决的首要问题。我国农村社会保障制度主要包括农村的社会救济、农村的医疗保险制度、以及农村的养老保险制度等方方面面。文章针对我国农村社会保障制度的现状以及存在的问题,提出几点有效的解决措施和建议,从而不断完善我国农村社会保障制度,实现公平与效率的统一。     

浅析罗斯福时期美国的社会保障制度——以《社会保险法》为例

在20世纪30年代中期,美国总统罗斯福针对当时大萧条带来的剧烈社会动荡,制定并实施了被称为"新政"的一系列改革措施,在这些措施中,以《社会保险法》的颁布为代表的社会保障制度改革尤为值得一提,这些措施防止了国家的动乱,为经济的发展和社会的稳定开辟了新的道路。研究罗斯福时期美国的社会保障制度,是研究当代美国社会保障制度的起点,也是至关重要的一步。     

新中国农村五保供养制度的变迁

五保对象是农村困难群体中最缺乏生存能力、最需要帮助照顾的弱势群体,为他们提供五保供养是有中国特色的农村社会保障体系的重要组成部分。50年来,在我国工业化、市场化和现代化进程中,农村五保供养制度大致历经了三次模式的更替：1956～1978年主要依靠集体公益金运行,是由生产队或生产大队组织实施的集体供养模式;1979～2001年是以村提留和乡纹筹为其经费和实物来源的集体供养模式;2002年以来以国家财政供养为主,集体保障、土地保障和社会帮扶为辅的现代社会保障模式。这三次模式的转变,既是我国五保供养工作进一步制度化、规范化和法制化与五保对象供养水平逐步提升的过程,也是五保供养从村民互助自养式的供养模式转变为由政府公共财政负担的财政供养模式的过程,又是探索建立农村现代社会保障制度的过程。     

浅议农村社会保障制度的建立与完善

社会保障制度是社会主义市场经济体制的重要支柱之一,农村社会保障制度是我国整个社会保障制度的重要组成部分。在我国,由于受经济发展水平以及历史文化传统的限制,农村社会保障与城市社会保障相比,不仅建立得比较晚,而且项目不全,保障水平也很低。农村社会保障的现状表明,农村低水平的社会保障不仅阻碍了农村经济的发展,而且影响社会稳定。因此,研究农村社会保障的必要性、现状、问题和农村社会保障的对策已成为一种迫切需要。     

新农村建设刍议

新农村建设是贯彻科学发展观、构建和谐社会和建设小康社会的要求。新农村建设中存在着农村基础设施投入不足、农村医疗条件差、社会保障缺乏等问题。这些问题要通过调整农村产业结构、加大政策扶持、合理利用和保护好资源、加强农村社会保障制度建设、推进农村小城镇建设等措施来解决。     

关于农村社会保障制度完善的几点建议

农村的社会保障制度建设工作,是促进我国农村社会稳定与发展的重要课题,建立起适应我国国情的农村社会保障制度,是构建社会主义和谐社会的需要。本文对我国现阶段农村社会保障制度的情况和存在的问题进行简单的分析,并提出若干完善农村社会保障制度的建议。     

农村社会保障体系中的政府责任分析

当前我国广大农村地区的社会保障制度还处在一个比较缺失的阶段,政府作为这项制度的强制实施者有着重要责任。新型农村合作医疗保障与社会救助制度是当下农村社会保障体系建设中的关键。必须确立农村社保建设的基本原则,构建中国特色的农村社保体系;发挥政府强有力的组织和引导作用;为农村社保体系的构建提供完善的法律保障;加强管理和监督,推进农村社保体系的制度化和规范化建设。     

论点摘编

西藏农村土地制度改革的实践与探索——以曲水县农村改革试验区为例徐伍达在《中国藏学》2019年第4期上发表文章,曲水县作为西藏唯一的国家级农村改革试点县,率先完成土地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作,开展农村土地制度改革、农民住房财产权抵押贷款、农村集体产权制度改革、农村集体林权制度改革等试点工作,同时因地制宜和有针对性地解决改革过程中遇到的实际具体问题,为西藏农牧区改革积累了宝贵经验。农村土地制度改革的制度创新和制度供给,促进了西藏农牧区资源要素的流动,激发了广大农牧民的积极性和创造性,为乡村振兴提供了强大动力。     

新农村建设刍议

新农村建设是贯彻科学发展观、构建和谐社会和建设小康社会的要求。新农村建设中存在着农村基础设施投入不足、农村医疗条件差、社会保障缺乏等问题。这些问题要通过调整农村产业结构、加大政策扶持、合理利用和保护好资源、加强农村社会保障制度建设、推进农村小城镇建设等措施来解决。     

农村社会保障制度建设的政策过程分析

当前农村社会保障制度建设的任务是迫切的,中央政府在农村社会保障领域进行了一些努力,但实际进程还是相当缓慢的。农村社会保障制度的建设是一个系列的政策过程,政府必须把农民视为政策主体,把农民的参与看作政策成败的关键。     

集体化时期农村合作医疗制度评析——以河北省深泽县为个案

集体化时期的合作医疗制度始终坚持缓解农村医疗困境的大方向,通过发挥集体经济的优势、进行医务人员"在地化"培训以及坚持"预防为主"等方式,让有史以来人数最多的农民有了制度化的健康保障,充分体现了社会主义制度的优越性,并赢得国际社会的广泛赞誉。取得如此成就的原因,国家领导人的高度重视、国家的政策倾向,以及"文化大革命"的推动缺一不可。而这些因素发挥作用,又必须以集体经济为依托。虽然合作医疗制度在具体操作中也存在基层干部及赤脚医生玩忽职守、营私舞弊等问题,但其在国家一穷二白的条件下所取得的成就依然是共和国医疗卫生史上的制高点。     

集群社会资本对乡村民宿企业成长的影响研究——以丹霞山两村为例

采用质性研究方法,以丹霞山两村为例,探析集群社会资本对乡村民宿企业成长的影响机制。研究发现：集群社会资本由个体社会资本（企业纵向联系、市场网络和个人资源）和集体社会资本（社区合作网络和公共资源）构成。乡村民宿获取个体社会资本的存量取决于关系质量和关系数量,前者有利于降低成本、增加异质资源,后者能够补足企业综合性基础;乡村民宿吸纳集体社会资本的程度在于资源共享度和网络紧密度,前者决定了集体资源的存量,后者制约着民宿吸收转化集体资源的程度。个体社会资本影响企业的初创和生存,集体社会资本制约或促进企业的持续发展,两者相互作用共同影响企业成长。从集群社会资本视角可深化理解乡村民宿企业成长的机理,为我国乡村民宿业发展乃至乡村振兴路径提供指导。     

陕西省农村土地流转迟缓的供求影响因素与机制探析

农村土地流转长期受到决策者的鼓励,但我国农村土地使用权流转率一直偏低,西部地区尤其如此。本文试图以陕西省为例,通过问卷调查和访谈,分析农地社会保障功能等因素影响农地使用权流转率的作用机制;并从供给和需求两个方面,分析了经济落后地区农村土地使用权流转率偏低的原因。研究结果表明,农地流转受到现行的以提供社会保障为基本目的的农地制度的约束,任何旨在提高农地流转率的改革措施,都必须考虑现行农地制度的社会保障功能和地区差异,实行因地制宜的农地流转制度。     

Poor relief, taxes and the first Universal Pension Reform: the origin of the Swedish welfare state reconsidered

In the year 1900, Sweden probably had the oldest population in the contemporary world. It was also the first nation to implement a universal pension system in 1913. The universal character in early social legislation has certainly been decisive for the development of the Swedish welfare state. This alternative has not been self-evident. Why did the reforms turn universal, when the continental model, the Bismarck social security system, was exclusively directed at industrial workers? Research has concentrated on demographic factors and growing demands for social security, or on the fact that Sweden was still a predominantly rural society with about 2,400 local authorities. This article examines the development of social legislation in the light of local government expenditures and incomes, and suggests an overlooked possibility: the formulation of the first universal national social security reform was a redistributional response to uneven distribution of incomes and general expenditures among the rural districts in Sweden.     

Poor Relief,Taxes and the First Universal Pension Reform: the origin of the Swedish welfare state reconsidered

In the year 1900, Sweden probably had the oldest population in the contemporary world. It was also the first nation to implement a universal pension system in 1913. The universal character in early social legislation has certainly been decisive for the development of the Swedish welfare state. This alternative has not been self-evident. Why did the reforms turn universal, when the continental model, the Bismarck social security system, was exclusively directed at industrial workers? Research has concentrated on demographic factors and growing demands for social security, or on the fact that Sweden was still a predominantly rural society with about 2,400 local authorities. This article examines the development of social legislation in the light of local government expenditures and incomes, and suggests an overlooked possibility: the formulation of the first universal national social security reform was a redistributional response to uneven distribution of incomes and general expenditures among the rural districts in Sweden.     

Spatial imaginaries and collective identity in women’s human rights struggles in Honduras

In recent years, geographic analysis on social movements has emphasised the influence of actors’ concepts, lived experiences and perceptions of space on the emergence of collective action. Cultural approaches to social movements in Latin America as well as feminist scholarship have revealed that women’s collective action is shaped by their perceptions of institutional and societal challenges, which are rooted in authoritarian and patriarchal culture prevalent in their society. This article combines geographic and cultural approaches to social movements as well as transnational feminist theories to explore women’s human rights mobilisation in Honduras after the coup d’état in 2009. It investigates how a group of urban and rural activists that included feminists, rural women, students and community leaders, adopted human rights discourses and practices to respond to the coup. The article draws on interviews and focus group discussions to suggest firstly, that protests in response to the coup shaped the interviewees’ spatial imaginaries and particularly considers how urban feminists’ spatial imaginaries were merged with those of rural women under the collective framework of human rights. Secondly, the study demonstrates that a collective identity as women human rights defenders was crucial for the emergence of collective action and also prompted the establishment of a national network. This case study contributes to research on women’s collective action to negotiate women’s rights, human rights and social justice in changing political processes.     

走向知识经济时代的新型城乡关系

21世纪,知识、技术的竞相发展,使社会范式发生转变,从而使整个人类社会走向知识经济时代。在知识社会中,封闭、地区性社会向开放、全球性社会递进,城乡间公平享受社会公共资源。城市与乡村加速发展,城乡关系由传统的对立、两极化向新的协调、一体化发展,市场型城乡关系形成。本文在分析中国城乡关系演变历史的基础上,指出经济关系是城乡关系的主体,城乡社会关系趋于复杂化,城乡生态环境日益形成一个利益共同体,城乡政治关系民主化。     

关系视角下乡村空间认知与转型路径研究

在“双循环”新发展格局下,以广域乡村为主体,形成对其空间格局、经济形态、社会关系等方面的系统认知以及转型路径的预判,对乡村全面振兴和转型发展具有重要意义。基于关系视角的理论解释及其在空间研究中的应用,梳理乡村空间认知研究,认为需要以关系串联乡村空间的复杂内涵和运行机制。文章将乡村空间划分为物质空间、经济空间、社会空间和文化空间四个维度,从各维度内部、之间的关系作用以及调节关系作用的治理手段三个方面,构建乡村空间“构成归纳—过程解析—组织优化”的认知框架。在此基础上,将乡村空间转型路径分为关联整合资源、协调参与主体、建立集体认同三个阶段,以期拓展乡村空间理论的建构视角,为我国乡村规划实践提供科学指引。     

1952～1954年湖北省农村私人借贷的历史考察

私人借贷在全国解放前一直是农村金融体系的重要组成部分.解放以后,从1952～1954年湖北省的调查材料来看,由于经济落后、家庭经济弱小、缺乏完善的社会保障和现代金融体系等原因,农村的私人借贷虽受到抑制但仍有一定的发展,与解放以前相比,这一时期的私人借贷形式较为简化,利率较低,功能上也以互助互济为主.国家银行业务在农村的延伸和农村信用社等现代金融组织的发展在一定程度上压缩了私人借贷的空间,但并不能完全替代私人借贷.     

Women's collective economic strategies and political transformation in rural South Africa

This article examines the economic processes and socio‐political institutions that shape women's involvement in community projects. Feminist materialism and postcolonial theory provide the framework to analyze these livelihood strategies as they are grounded in the material conditions of women's lives. The empirical study is based in a rural northern province of South Africa where colonialism and apartheid have contributed to extreme economic and social hardships. Fieldwork was conducted in Limpopo to analyze how community projects contribute to livelihood strategies. In an area where migrant remittances remain one of the main sources of income for rural households, women have increasingly engaged in collective economic strategies such as pottery making, sewing, and agricultural production. These strategies are embedded in a complex set of patriarchal institutions that reinforce unequal access to resources and have historically marginalized rural black women. Despite these barriers, findings from this study demonstrate that community projects provide the potential for economic and social empowerment, especially among rural women.