周恩为“咬文嚼字”二三事

一、“获悉”二字化尴尬 1971年7月9日至11日,美国总统国家安全事务助理基辛格秘密访华。周恩来总理与基辛格进行了多次会谈。10日晚,双方就此次基辛格秘密访华的联合公告问题进行了商谈。联合公告如何措词,双方出现了争议,其中一处是尼克松来华访问是谁主动提出来的。     

李琴 目击中美关系“解冻”细节的新华社资深记者

基辛格博士第一次访华在1971年7月,是秘密访华,新华社授权于7月15日发表基辛格访华公告。同年11月30日,新华社授权发表的公告宣布:中美两国政府商定,尼克松总统将于1972年2月21日开始对中国的访问。已是耄耋之年的新华社资深记者李琴报道了1971年4月美国乒乓球代表团访华、1971年10月美国国家安全事务助理基辛格博士访华和1972年2月尼克松总统访问中国的全过程。     

中美首次高级会晤中的交流与交锋——来自中国、美国外交档案的研究

1971年7月9～11日,美国国家安全事务助理亨利·基辛格秘密访华,同周恩来总理会谈。这是中美两国政府交往中断了20年后的第一次重要高级会晤。这次会晤有两个目的:一是商讨尼克松访华的时间、主题、性质和可能的结果等问题;二是就双方关心的亚洲和世界和平问题进行讨论,为尼克松访华成功奠定基础。具体而言,会晤商谈的问题包括七个方面:台湾、印度支那、与苏联和日本等其他大国的关系、南亚次大陆、建立中美安全的沟通渠道、军控和尼克松访华公告。会谈为中美关系实现正常化迈出了关键的第一步。     

中美《上海联合公报》会谈内幕

1972年2月21日,美国总统尼克松正式访华,从而打破了中美之间长期对峙的局面,迎来令人欣喜的和平友好时期。在尼克松访华前,1971年7月,美国总统国家安全事务助理基辛格即来华同周恩来总理进行了长时间的会谈,在一些重要问题上基本达成了一致,为尼克松访华铺平了道路。但在尼克松访华期间,还有一些具体问题需要双方商谈,以期达成一致。这个会谈共分三个层次进行：周恩来和尼克松之间的会谈是一     

中美《上海公报》谈判的第一阶段

1972年2月28日,中美两国政府在上海发表了第一个联合公报,即著名的《上海公报》,标志着中美长期隔绝的结束和两国关系正常化进程的开始。《上海公报》的谈判经过了两个阶段:第一阶段是1971年10月20～26日,美国总统国家安全事务助理基辛格第二次访华期间;第二阶段是1972年2月21～28日,美国总统尼克松访华期间。第一阶段的谈判经过了三个回合,双方先后各自提出了三个版本的草案稿,涉及公报的写法、内容、表述等问题,但核心是台湾问题。经过双方反复讨论,中美各有让步,除台湾问题外,其他问题基本达成共识。这就为4个月后的尼克松成功访华和第二阶段的谈判奠定了扎实的基础,从而推动了中美关系正常化的进程。     

我参与接待基辛格秘密访华

基辛格1971年7月9日至11日神秘的中国之行,书写下中美关系史上重要的篇章。29年后的今天,作为接待基辛格一行的当事人,唐龙彬在《我参与接待基辛格秘密访华》中,首次披露了许多至今不为人知的内幕……     

“大哥不好了……”蒋介石死前有恶兆

如果说1949年在大陆的全面失败是对蒋介石的沉重打击,那么1970年开始的国际舞台上的全面失败是对一个已入风烛残年之人的致命一击。1971年6月21日,尼克松宣布解除历时21年的对中华人民共和国的禁运,他的特别助理基辛格又突然于7月9日至11日秘密访华。在此情势下,蒋介石由于满腔愤懑不能自己而破口大骂了。1971年10月25日,联合国第26届大会正式接纳中华人民共和周,驱逐蒋介石代表。然而事不止此。1972年2月21日,美国总统尼克松访问中国,发表了著名的中美上海《联合公报》;1972年9月25日,日本首相田中角荣访华,宣布中日两国关     

基辛格途经伊斯兰堡秘密访华经过

1971年7月9日至11日,美国总统尼克松的国家安全事务助理基辛格博士经过巴基斯坦首都伊斯兰堡秘密访华。这是世界外交史上一次非常经典的秘密访问,此次访问对后来中美两国关系的发展,具有十分重要的意义。     

第31届世乒赛“乒乓外交”插曲

"乒乓外交"通常是指:1971年4月,毛泽东指示正在日本参加第31届世界乒乓球锦标赛的中国代表团邀请美国乒乓球队访华,向美国传递出中方希望彼此交流、实现正常化关系的愿望。此举打破了20多年中美关系中的坚冰,双方关系逐渐改善,直至正式建交。还应看到,"乒乓外交"对推动中日邦交正常化的作用也十分重要,其要义与推进中美关系几乎平行。实际上,周恩来还巧妙地运用"乒乓外交",与朝鲜改善了关系,修补了由"文革"而产生的裂痕,使之重新紧密起来。     

赵朴初让老外猜谜

<正>1971年7月,基辛格作为尼克松总统秘密特使访华,为中美关系大门的开启作出了历史性贡献。时任全国政协常委的赵朴初参与了接待工作。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.