浅议网络技术对考古学未来发展的影响

计算机网络技术的发展正在改变和影响着我们社会的各个方面。因此,计算机网络技术与考古学的紧密结合,不仅将会对考古信息的认知和进一步的分析、整合提供强有力的工具,带给考古学以新的研究方法、手段,也将会对考古学的未来发展产生意义深远的影响。     

计算机技术在考古学与文物保护中的应用

计算机技术与其他学科相结合发展起来的新技术将为考古学研究和文物保护提供现代化的科学手段,对考古学和文物保护将产生深远的影响.网上数字化博物馆的建立,考古资料、文物信息的网络化管理,考古信息的共享将对考古学传统的工作模式产生重要的影响.     

互联网对年鉴信息传递的影响与对策

随着计算机的普及,网络技术的发展,“上网”查询、发布信息将成为年鉴界的必须选择,网络从而对年鉴信息的传递产生了深远的影响。     

新考古学论纲

考古学(Archaeology)一词源于古希腊文,意即研究古代或古代事物的一门科学.17世纪后,其涵义稍有改变,指对含有美术价值的古物和古迹进行的研究.严格说来,考古学是根据古代人类通过各种活动遗留下来的实物,以研究古代社会历史的一门科学,但这仅为狭义考古学的定义.广义考古学是指对考古调查发掘所发现的一切遗物、遗迹,包括对各种动植物、矿物等资料进行分析和研究的一门学问,它有充实的内容,周密的方法,系统的理论和明确的目标.上述为传统意义上的考古学,20世纪五六十年代以来,考古学家采用放射性碳十四测定年代法、统计分析和计算机模拟系统等先进科学方法,发展了一种更加精确的技术,应用于古代人类制品的研究.这些现代技术根本上改变了对历史证据的看法,标志着考古学从研究文化史到研究文化发展过程的转变,这便是"新考古学".     

古DNA分析技术在考古学研究中的应用

保留在古代生物遗骸中的遗传物质DNA是一种重要的遗传学资源,古DNA分析技术在考古学中的成功运用已成为一个新兴的考古学研究领域,将现代分子生物学技术应用于考古学的研究中而形成的一个新兴的分支学科——分子考古学,即指利用分子生物学研究技术,对出土的古代可研究对象进行分子水平的分析和研究。分子考古学在解决人类的起源与迁徙、动植物的家养和驯化过程、及农业的起源和早期发展等重大考古学问题上都具有重要的意义。本文时古DNA分析技术及其在考古学上的应用进行了综合论述,特别是对吉林大学边疆考古研究中心考古DNA实验室在近年来所取得的新进展做了系统的回顾和总结,以期为考古学和人类学的研究提供有益的参考     

海峡两岸考古学术语的异同及原因研究

海峡两岸今天使用的考古学术语,大同而小异。两岸考古学术语之所以"大同",主要是因为同根同源,1949年前曾共建过一个至今沿用的术语体系。其次和1949年后两岸的考古交流也有关系。两岸在遗物、遗迹、田野考古学、理论技术方法等考古学术语上也有一些"小异",这和1949年后两岸对之前使用术语的舍取、受日本考古学术语的影响、对西方新术语的译法、不同的发展历程等都有关系。     

浅析网络安全及常用安全技术

21世纪计算机网络技术发展迅速,深刻的影响人类生活的方方面面,因此计算机网络技术也成为人们越来越关注的问题。与各种网络攻击行为对应的网络安全技术也随之产生。只有通过对网络安全的成因和应对措施的不断深入研究,才能真正建立与时代对应的信息安全。     

东周燕文化与周边考古学文化的关系研究(上)

东周时期燕国的考古学文化,发展出具有其自身特色的文化内涵。东周燕文化的存在和发展,与其周边诸考古学文化息息相关,既有对周边考古学文化的文化因素吸收,也从不同程度上对周边考古学文化产生了影响。     

史学与人类学:——近代考古学的两种取向评述

考古学自19世纪中叶在欧洲产生以来,在世界范围内获得了不同的发展.在欧美,史前考古学属于社会文化人类学的一支,研究希腊、罗马古典时代历史的考古学属于古代史研究的范畴;在中国,考古学一直被囿于中国古代史研究为主题的史学体系中.将考古学摆在一个什么样的学科地位上,不是一个简单的形式归属问题,而是直接影响到考古学学科目的性、研究内容的广度和深度、看问题的角度和方法论,总而言之,影响到考古学是不断发展走向成熟还是固守传统而停滞不前.     

古环境的复原及全新世时期的上辽河流域

环境考古学的理论和方法的应用使中国考古学进入了一个新的时代,中国的环境考古学研究在过去20多年来也有了前所未有的成就。目前,环境考古已基本成为普遍的研究方法应用于很多考古学的课题中,而且,环境考古的理论和方法也会伴随中国考古学的发展而更加完善。然而环境考古学本身对考古工作者提出了更高的要求,不仅需要考古学家有坚实的考古学理论和方法,而且还要掌握古环境科学的基本理论和方法及其如何在考古学中的应用。对于考古学家来说,对那些针对考古学研究的古环境学研究的理论和方法的理解是非常重要的。考古学家如果能够初步将古环境复原的方法和理论应用于考古学研究将是十分必要的。为了能使更多的考古学家掌握基本的古环境复原的方法,本文试图从考古学研究的角度来探讨环境考古的基本理论和方法,并以辽西地区的古环境为例进一步说明如何解读那些像孢粉等的古环境数据,以此推动中国环境考古学研究的开展。     

More than Meets the Eyes?: Archaeology Under Water,Technology, and Interpretation

Abstract

Archaeology has had a long and interesting relationship with technology. Technology has arguably allowed us to move from antiquarian interest to the robust academic institution that we now are. The importance that technology plays within archaeology is perhaps best exemplified within the increasingly popular/populist 'sub-discipline' of underwater archaeology. After all, contemporary underwater archaeology could not exist if it was not for the invention SCUBA. Alongside the 'day-to-day' use of technology there is also a rush to latch on contemporary technologies within the sub-discipline. The reasons for this are examined within this work, however, what is argued to be more important is the implications this has had on our discipline.

This paper examines these implications on and as part of underwater archaeology. The impact of its use on interpretive thinking within the sub-discipline are analyzed by assessing the very nature of theoretical thinking within our work. This paper raises the difficult and perhaps controversial question — are underwater archaeologists merely substituting technology for theory and as such offering, admittedly impressive, complex and sound scientific computer models as interpretation, rather than the data that they really are?     

海岱地区新石器时代玉料来源及琢玉工艺初探

关于海岱地区新石器时代的玉器,此前已有学者从不同角度作过研究.但对于玉料来源及琢玉工艺从未做过专题分析.本文根据考古学以及矿物学的最新研究进展,从考古学文化的分区、文化因素分析、制作工艺等角度进行了尝试分析.     

AutoCAD在考古绘图中的应用

AutoCAD在考古绘图中的应用目前还比较少,随着时代的发展,现代化的办公设备不断被考古行业所应用。经过一段时间的探索,不是现代化的办公设备不适应考古工作的需要,而是我们考古工作者在观点上不去接受它。本文的主要目的是希望考古界的专家学者们接受并认可它,让AutoCAD 在考古绘图中得到推广,并得以发扬光大,让考古行业也能适应时代的潮流,利用一些新的技术来推动考古事业的飞速发展。     

Framing the past: situating the archaeological in photographs

Archaeology continually reproduces its own images. Speaking archaeology’s visual language is one way we prove membership in the discipline. Many aspects of this visual language have become so naturalized within archaeological representation as to be almost unquestionable: the cleaning of the site, the use of scale, and particular framings and perspectives. How, then, is the production of particular photographic images of archaeology related to the practice of archaeology? Does archaeology look a certain way (in photographs) or are archaeologists reproducing an archaeology according to the way it is thought it should look? Using examples of early photographs from Latin American archaeological expeditions, this article investigates not only photography as an applied technology for scientific recording, but also its power to situate archaeological knowledge. Drawing on recent reflective and critical developments in both the history of archaeology and visual anthropology, it uses five focal points – trace, objectivity and authenticity, sight/site, still lifes, and still lives – to argue that early-twentieth-century archaeological photographs of Latin America participated in the generation of an ‘authentic’ past rather than simply paid testament to it.     

锶同位素分析技术在考古学中的应用研究

在考古化学这个新领域内,考古学家们经过努力,成功地将锶同位素分析技术运用于考古学领域,通过对遗址中人类骨骼的锶同位素分析来对古代人类的迁移情况进行研究。由于考古材料间存在着差别,各个实验室所采用的方法和实验步骤间也存在一些差异,因此还没有统一的分析方法和步骤,至今仍处于进一步的探索之中。在我国的考古学研究中,这项技术还处于起步阶段,迄今为止还未见到相关的研究成果。本文主要对这项技术在考古学上应用的原理及研究中注意事项进行了较为详细的论述,并且计划今后进行这方面的实验研究,希望能为国内同仁进行这方面的研究时提供些许借鉴。     

New Developments in the Use of Spatial Technology in Archaeology

Spatial technology is integral to how archaeologists collect, store, analyze, and represent information in digital data sets. Recent advances have improved our ability to look for and identify archaeological remains and have increased the size and complexity of our data sets. In this review we outline trends in visualization, data management, archaeological prospecting, modeling, and spatial analysis, as well as key advances in hardware and software. Due to developments in education, information technology, and landscape archaeology, the implementation of spatial technology has begun to move beyond superficial applications and is no longer limited to environmental deterministic approaches. In the future, spatial technology will increasingly change archaeology in ways that will enable us to become better practitioners, scholars, and stewards.     

微痕考古——从微观信息认识历史过程的科学探索

微痕考古以显微观测与技术分析为基础,通过对自然微观痕迹、人类和其它动物行为痕迹的观察研究,阐释人类与动物的行为模式、生活环境、文化遗址埋藏现象等.并作为一种技术性工作广泛服务于我国的文物保护.微痕考古在工作方向、工作方法和工作结果方面,可以弥补传统考古工作和文物保护技术的不足,使考古工作从微观到宏观、从实验到理念、从局部到整体建立更全面、科学的分析过程.我国微痕考古近年迅速发展,专业队伍扩大、研究理念与实验技术进步、工作领域覆盖面拓宽近年微痕考古的重要收获,包括发现人类最早的戳刺性行为痕迹、人类最早的剥皮屠宰技术及刻划图案等;在玉器制作工艺与鉴定、石器使用痕迹与区域文化特点等方面也取得丰富成果.微痕考占的产生与发展,显示脱胎于自然科学的考古学专业,在与现代应用技术紧密结合下,使考古学在研究理念、分析技术和认知深度等方面正发生深刻变化.     

Thinking Through Networks: A Review of Formal Network Methods in Archaeology

This review aims to expose the potential of formal network methods for archaeology by tracing the origins of the academic traditions, network models, and techniques that have been most influential to archaeologists. A brief discussion of graph theoretic applications in archaeology reveals how graph visualization and analysis was used since the 1960s in a very similar way to later network analysis applications, but did not seem to have influenced the more widespread adoption of network techniques over the past decade. These recent archaeological applications have been strongly influenced by two academic traditions, social network analysis and sociophysics. The most influential and promising techniques and models adopted from these traditions are critically discussed. This review reveals some general trends which are considered to be the result of two critical issues that will need to be addressed in future archaeological network analysis: (1) a general unawareness of the historicity and diversity of formal network methods both within and outside the archaeological discipline has resulted in a very limited methodological scope; (2) the adoption or development of network methods has very rarely been driven by specific archaeological research questions and is dominated by a few popular models and techniques, which has in some cases resulted in a routinized explanatory process. This review illustrates, however, the great potential of formal network methods for archaeology and argues that, if this potential is to be applied in a critical way, a broad multidisciplinary scope is necessary and specific archaeological research contexts should dominate applications.     

Archaeology and the Moving Image

Archaeological filmmaking is a relatively under-examined subject in academic literature. As the technology for creating, editing, and distributing video becomes increasingly available, it is important to understand the broader context of archaeological filmmaking; from television documentaries to footage shot as an additional method of recording to the informal ‘home videos’ in archaeology. The history of filmmaking in archaeology follows innovations within archaeological practice as well as the availability and affordability of technology. While there have been extensive analyses of movies and television shows about archaeological subjects, the topic of archaeological film has been characterized by reactions to these outside perspectives, rather than examinations of footage created by archaeologists. This can be understood to fall within several filmic genres, including expository, direct testimonial, impressionistic, and phenomenological films, each with their own purpose and expressive qualities. Footage taken on site can also be perceived as a form of surveillance, and can modify behaviour as a form of panopticon. Consequently, there are considerations regarding audience, distribution, and methods for evaluation, as these films are increasingly available on social media platforms. This paper explores the broad context for archaeological filmmaking and considers potential futures for the moving image in archaeology.