The Forgotten Union

The personal union between Norway and Sweden, established in 1319, has received little interest by historians, and is usually seen as terminated in 1363, if not earlier. But it was, in fact, an important factor in Scandinavian politics all the way until the establishment of the Kalmar Union under Queen Margrete in 1389. Important parts of western Sweden stayed in the union with Norway, which gave the now Norwegian-based old Swedish dynasty an important bridge-head and opened for contacts between Margrete and Swedish oppositionals. The territorial uncertainty along the western Swedish border also played a part when the Swedish lords opted for a union with Denmark and Norway.     

Medieval English Martinmesse : The Archaeology of a Forgotten Festival

Beginning with Elizabethan literary references to a carnivalesque celebration of Martinmas, the present article surveys the St Martin cult in England in order to isolate features of the medieval celebration of the Christian feast and determine the feast's relationship to seasonal activities of early November. Martinmas is seen as both the last harvest festival and a curtain raiser for the extended winter revelling season, in effect a "Carnival" in late autumn.     

The Forgotten History of the Protestant Crusade: Religious Liberalism in Ireland1

Irish historians do not generally identify religious liberalism as a feature of the 1820s. Instead, they have mapped religious conflict onto increasingly binary conflicts in the socio‐economic, cultural, and political spheres. The “Second Reformation” missionary movement put evangelicals and Catholics on a direct collision course and, consequently, historians have argued that it was a key factor in the emergence both of Irish Catholic nationalism and Protestant defensive co‐operation. However, the Crusade also produced a strong Protestant backlash alongside the growing sectarian conflict. In County Limerick, for example, two versions of Church of Ireland opposition emerged during 1820, among high church clergy including Bishop Jebb and among liberal Protestant gentlemen. Instead of closing down debate into rigid binary opposition along sectarian lines, the Limerick evidence shows that the Crusade produced a much more complex religious, social, and political debate than historians have recognised which, in turn, made possible a wider range of responses to key Irish problems.     

河西汉族民歌的内容及其曲调特点——以张掖民歌为例

河西民歌历史悠久,自汉晋有记载开始算起至今已有2200多年的历史。河西民歌在广大的河西人民中间世代流传、广为传唱,其内容丰富、语言朴实、曲调流畅,在群众中有深厚的土壤和根基。本文对河西汉族民歌形成的文化背景加以概述,试图以张掖民歌为研究对象,进一步说明河西民歌的内容分类、曲调等特点。     

The Intellectual Internment of a Conflict: The Forgotten War in Northern Ireland

One of the most enduring ideas about the Northern Ireland conflict is that it has been rigorously studied. This is a myth. The stark absence of analysis of its military and international dimensions makes the conflict one of the least understood of modern times. Scholarly studies of Northern Ireland have been insulated from influences in the wider academic world by the dominance of hitherto unchallenged images about the crisis. These images support a dominant orthodoxy that has confined intellectual investigation of the 'Troubles' to Northern Ireland itself, sustaining a view that little of value can be gained from studying the military nature of the conflict. This orthodoxy is one to which, depressingly, the international relations community has been only too willing to contribute to justify its fear and neglect. Not only does this reflect poorly on academic practice but it has also helped to engender a dangerously distorted image of the conflict that bodes ill for the future.     

The Singing War: Canadian Soldiers' Songs of the Great War

Singing was an important leisure activity for Canadian soldiers serving overseas in the Great War. Soldiers sang popular songs of the day and religious hymns, while also parodying them to better suit their wartime experience. Singing was a group activity that brought men together, forged bonds of comradeship, reinforced belonging in the group, and helped the soldiers endure the strain of unending combat and service. Wartime songs reveal the culture from below and shed new light on the soldiers' experience.     

敦煌《诗经》卷子研读札记二则

本共有两则札记。第一则是《S．10号(毛诗传笺)卷背注音之性质》。S．10号《毛诗传笺》卷背有145字之注音,潘重规认为这是六朝《音隐》类作之遗迹,《英藏敦煌献》据之定名为《毛诗郑笺音隐》。本从卷背注音与正面字的关系上考察,认为卷背注音是抄写人据某种《毛诗音》移录,并非是与正字合成有机整体的《毛诗郑笺音隐》,只是它用以注音的方法与六朝的音隐类作相同而已。第二则是《S．541号写卷的正面与背面》,S．541号写卷的一面抄写有《诗经》,另一面抄写有佛典《因缘心释论开决记》。本否定了以前诸家目录以抄写《诗经》一面为背面的说法,认为抄写有《诗经》的一面应是写卷的正面,而抄有佛典一面的内容则为其背面。