光绪帝位危机与外国干预

光绪与慈禧帝后矛盾的演化对晚清政局影响殊大,二者政争在1898年9月21日的戊戌政变时达到高潮。此间,慈禧以凌厉手段一举粉碎帝党集团,使皇帝成为囚徒,帝位虚设,徒有其名。其后,慈禧仍未甘心,试图稳底废黜光绪。为此,历戊戌、己亥、庚子三年,清朝出现了严     

慈禧太后与戊戌变法

长期以来,人们在谈到慈禧太后时往往习惯于认为:慈禧是顽固派,且是最大的顽固派,慈禧与光绪百日维新期间之争是维新守旧之争,慈禧发动戊戌政变是守旧派与维新派之间派系之争、权力之争。这些观点值得商榷,慈禧不是顽固派,慈光百日维新期间之争不是维新守旧之争,而是变法方式、变法速度之争;慈禧发动戊戌政变,不仅仅是夺权,更重要的是要维护清王朝封建统治的稳定。     

戊戌政变后废帝与反废帝的斗争

慈禧与光绪的矛盾以及围绕着这一矛盾而展开的斗争,是晚清政治史上的重大事件。对戊戌政变前的帝后党争,已有相当多的文著论及,但对此事件的延续——戊戌政变后的废帝谋动,却尚未见有系统论列。本文就此试作述论。一从甲午前后开始显现的帝后矛盾,到戊戌年间演化成势不两立。终于,在百日维新后期,双方政争以流血杀戮的极端方式摊牌,结果是帝党顷刻瓦解。所存者,只是一个囚困瀛台有名无实的皇帝。不过,这种“名”与“实”不相符的情况仍潜伏着危机。载湉保有的皇帝名义仍在被某些政治势力所利用,并可能成为帝党东山再起的契因。于是,废帝与反废帝的斗争便成为戊戌政变后宫廷斗     

张荫桓与康有为关系论辨

戊戌春夏间,张荫桓最得光绪皇帝信任,不但与康有为往来甚密,而且向光绪密荐了康有为。康、梁与张荫桓从各自的利益出发,都矢口否认他们之间的密切关系,致使史籍中关于张荫桓和康有为关系的记载出现了很大的歧义。张荫桓以朝廷大员的身份鼓动光绪变法、安排康有为私见皇帝,并因此而获罪,不应被视为"康党"。     

戊戌时期康有为与光绪帝

康有为《戊戌奏稿》作伪,康著《我史》(即《康南海自编年谱》)和梁启超著《戊戌政变记》多有夸张,然而,从今存《杰士上书汇录》和康有为、梁启超的多部著作进呈本,仍能清晰地看到康有为与光绪帝之间的思想交流。光绪帝采用了康有为的建策,5次保全康有为,并在百日维新的后期,准备设立懋勤殿以安置康有为。康有为仍是戊戌变法的主要推动者之一。     

百日维新期间康有为变法策略二题

百日维新期间康有为变法策略二题郑云山,陶水木在近年来的戊戌变法史研究中,有些论著认为：光绪及维新派变法策略的错误,是戊戌变法失败的重要原因。但这些论著都是将光绪和维新派作为整体研究对象来立论的,那么,作为革新派巨人的康有为,他的变法策略究竟怎样？作何...     

康有为流亡海外的日子

康有为1898年戊戌维新惨遭失败,“六君子”被屠杀,流血政变后,康有为和梁启超逃亡海外多年。1898年9月20日,清兵在南海会馆没有捉住康有为,慈禧暴跳如雷,朝廷给烟台、上海发出了紧急懿旨:“康有为企图进毒丸谋害皇帝,事败南逃,务必捉拿,就地正法。”9月21日上午,康有为上了英国公司的现艘客轮“重庆”号,从购票到上船,没有受到任何盘查。接到慈禧懿旨的上海道蔡钧特地照会了英国驻上海领事白利南,要求他准许搜查从天津开来的所有英轮。私下里,白利南几乎没有任何犹豫当场就决定营救康有为。1898年9月24日,当“重庆”号行驶到吴淞口外的时候,…     

试论康有为的民族观

资产阶级改良派康有为,在甲午中日战后预感到中国严重的民族危机,曾呼喊过要“救国安邦”。但因为他的“发愤爱国”则始终和他那个不要根本改变封建制度而可以发展资本主义、安定国家内部局势的宗旨联系在一起,因此他的言行基本上未能跳出“君主”一家一姓的正统观念。在百日戊戌维新变法时期,他呼喊要“救亡图存”,并有意识地做了不少提高人们民族意识的工作,但由于阶级立场的局限,他始终脱离广大人民群众,因此在实践上并无多大作为。百日维新变法失败后,康有为由北京逃往上海转香港,又离港赴日本与梁启超一起拒绝了孙中山为首的资产阶级革命派的争取。不久,康有为赴加拿大,鼓吹“今日国势危急”“惟我皇上圣明,乃能救中国”。为了争取光绪皇帝垂掌政权,康有为不仅运动英国政府干预中国内政,扶助光绪皇帝东山再起,而且还在加拿大组织保皇会与革命派抗衡。康有为、梁启超把救国的希望寄托在光绪皇帝的复辟,然而“皮之不存,毛将焉附?”当整个汉族地主阶级都已经与清朝满族地主阶级联合起来维护封建经济基础和政体的时候,康有为的希望只能是空想。因此,他高喊一阵子的改良主张,既失去了资产阶级的     

危急关头,李鸿章坐镇广州

正一光绪二十四年(1898年)十一月十七日,朝廷授李鸿章署两广总督。据说是因康有为、梁启超都是广东人,他们流亡到海外后,组织保皇党,策动勤王运动,慈禧要让李鸿章去康、梁故乡,与洋人交涉,捉拿"逆党"。也有人说,是慈禧准备废立皇帝,知道李鸿章反对,所以把他支开。慈禧交给李鸿章到广东有三大任务:整顿税收,练兵抗英、法,缉捕康有为。但李鸿章故意轻描淡写地说:"他们都是书院经生,市井讼师之流,用不着害怕。"慈禧问:"那何以外人都庇护他,与我为难?"     

张之洞与杨锐的关系——兼谈孔祥吉发现的“百日维新密札”作者

本文根据“张之洞档案”中所藏电报、信件,全面考察张之洞与杨锐之间的关系,并通过这一考察揭示晚清从甲午年（1894）到戊戌年（1898）的政治内情。最晚从光绪二十一年（1895）三月起,杨锐即常住北京,充当张之洞的“坐京”,为张之洞提供政治情报并办理各种交待事务。在戊戌变法期间,张之洞给杨锐下达了大量的指示,并在杨锐被捕後积极进行营救。本文还证明孔祥吉发现的“百日维新密札”的作者不是李焜瀛（符曾）,而是杨锐。     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Garibaldi and Mazzini: thought and action

Abstract

The relationship between Mazzini and Garibaldi is described in its ideological roots and in its political developments, in order to show their different attitude towards the Italian unification. Although their first misunderstanding happened during the Roman Republic in 1849, Mazzini's influence is still strong in the organization and in the success of the liberation of Two Sicilies in 1860, particularly through Francesco Crispi. The final personal break was caused by the unlucky experience of the Mentana expedition (1867), when Garibaldi failed to free Rome. Fundamental ideas as democracy, republic, social justice, humanity and universal brotherhood have been however always common to them. The two protagonists of Risorgimento never intended accepting the role to which their fateful encounter prompted them – the one to provide the brawn and the other the brains for Italy's liberation. Just as Mazzini never renounced involving himself in the operational decisions of the movement, Garibaldi never gave up his own way of thinking and looking at things.     

千泉、白水城和恭御城考辨

根据汉籍史料和阿拉伯地理文献,区分了中外史料记述的不同,考辨了千泉、白水城和恭御城的方位。玄奘所言"千泉",当在今哈萨克斯坦的梅尔克;玄奘所言千泉与阿拉伯地理学家所记之千泉,并非指称同一地方。玄奘所记白水城与阿拉伯地理学家所记之白水城(Isfijab)不能相等同;玄奘所记"白水",似应"泉"字之讹,即为阿拉伯地理学家所记之千泉(Abarjaj);而玄奘所记"恭御城"是阿拉伯地理学家所记之白水城。     

解读《边城》和《苔丝》中的画面与音乐

《边城》和《德伯家的苔丝》(简称《苔丝》)分别是中英两国“乡土文学”的典型代表沈从文和哈代的主要代表作。两位作家将画面与音乐视为文字之外的语义载体,填补了文字所不能表达的空白,丰富了作品的主题意境。     

原真性与完整性:质疑、新知与启示

在世界遗产理论发展路程中,对遗产原真性及完整性的质疑和思考是推动理论不断丰富完善的一股重要动力。完整性适用于所有遗产地,整体保护政策正是对完整性这一命题的呼应和阐释。对遗产原真性的质疑主要表现在非物质文化遗产方面,特别是活态遗产,现在遗产界已经越来越认识到非物质遗产不能简单套用物质遗产的原真性,非物质文化遗产环境的原真性要素也可以表现为一种"演进中的原真性"。因质疑而思考,进而获得新知。这一途径启示我们,应以一种开放性的、持续完善的思维和态度来对待遗产事业。     

Geography and psychoanalysis: Tensions and possibilities

I am concerned in this paper with the diversity of psychoanalysis, a feature of the discipline which we can connect with diasporas and the re-working of ideas in different locales. I try to demonstrate how experience and environment have contributed to the development of psychoanalysis. Key to the production of knowledge are the journeys of theorists, practitioners and ideas. Following Liz Bondi, I stress the importance of acknowledging the connection between experience, theory and practice in our own work. I suggest that geographers can follow those psychoanalysts who have moved from the clinic to broader political projects but that they should engage with recent critical research in psychoanalysis if a dialogue is to develop.     

Dictatorships and Revolutions in Portugal and Chile: Ethnography,Memory and Invisibilities

This article discusses the relation between ethnography and underexposure of memory. Displaying similar characteristics, the ethnographies we developed in Portugal and Chile dealt precisely with this thematic in different chronological periods. We are going to point out our fieldwork convergences, specifically in what concerns the data recollection process.     

真品与高仿、粗仿青花瓷热释光及成分分析对比实验

为了防止有人以假乱真,扰乱古董市场的健康发展,为此通过三种青花瓷碎片(真品、高仿、粗仿)的热释光及微探针型X荧光分析对比,找出三者的不同。结果表明,热释光法可以直接给出真伪。从X荧光得到成分来对比此三种瓷片的异同结果,建议用瓷胎的多个主、微量元素一起来分析对比,才易于得到正确的结论。     

Engineers and engineering history: problems and perspectives

In past decades, the history of engineers and engineering has seen spectacular development. Despite this, major interrogations are still left unanswered. This article examines some of these pending questions, like the type of relation that exists between engineering knowledge and practice, or the complex articulation between continuities and discontinuities that characterizes engineering history. Finally, the article proposes to focus on engineering rationality as a possible way to address some of these issues. In order to do so, engineering rationality is not to be confused with some kind of generic and abstract logic. On the contrary, it must be historicized.