窥视北美

可以旅行到美国了,加拿大也在争当下一站。北美洲,这片土地,我们了解得很多,不了解的更多。一位作家、一个乐队,就当是开启的小窗户吧。     

MAP OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ESKIMOS AND NATIVE CREENLANDERS IN NORTH AMERICA

RÉSUMÉ. Cette carte de caractére pédagogique montrela répartition des esquimaux et natijs groenlandais de l'Amérique du nord. Les autorités concernées out gracieusement fourni les données nécessaires à la compilation de cette carte, bien que celle-ci aille au-delà des statistiques déjà publiées. Parmi certaines difficultés, on note celles engendrées par la localisation de ces emplacements rapportés lors du dernier recensement, mais dont on a pas retrouve trace depuis.
l'emploi de symboles circulaires s'est avéré inéfficace dans ce cas-ci, la vérité des dimensions des localités obscurcissant outre mesure la représentation graphique de la population. Un systéme multicirculaire jut dont adopté même si celui-ci tend à jausser quelque peu le nombre des villages. Un tableau dans le texte montre les données de la population selon le recensement, de même que la position géogra-phique de chacun des endroits. Des remercie-ments sont adressés à l'endroit des officiers du recensement des trois gouvernements concernés, ainsi qu à tous ceux qui ont rendu possible la préparation de cette carte.     

GC–MS ANALYSIS AND FATTY ACID RATIOS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTSHERDS FROM THE WESTERN GREAT BASIN OF NORTH AMERICA*

The study of organic residues in archaeological pottery has focused on fatty acids due to their relative stability and longevity. However, even these compounds are subject to degradation, which makes assignment of residues to original foods problematic. This paper suggests that the use of ratios of fatty acids that degrade at roughly the same rate can be useful to identify very general categories of foods. It compares independent information on pot function based on ethnography and engineering/technological studies to that reconstructed based on extracted fatty acid ratios. The results support the notion that Great Basin pots were used primarily to boil seeds and that pot shape and pot function were related.     

NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF SIXTEENTH- AND SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY EUROPEAN BLUE GLASS TRADE BEADS FROM THE EASTERN GREAT LAKES AREA OF NORTH AMERICA*

Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European blue glass trade beads from aboriginal sites in the eastern Great Lakes area of North America have been analysed non-destructively using low neutron dose instrumental neutron activation analysis, so that the beads could be returned to their keepers. Dark blue (cobalt-coloured) beads are readily separable from turquoise (copper-coloured) beads. Differences in the chemistries of the turquoise blue beads appear to be useful in separating glass beads from the two centuries. Low calcium, sixteenth-century turquoise beads tend to distintegrate by a leaching of the alkali metals.     

GUNGARAKAYN WOMEN SPEAK: REPRODUCTION AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITION

This paper analyses the instrumental purposes served by representations of female spirituality deployed by Gungaraakayn claimants in the course of the Finniss River Land Claim. I address the problem of how gender is shaped by configurations of power within and between groups and how, in turn, it shapes those configurations. The paper is thus a critique that seeks to understand the political significance of ‘tradition’ in the present, demonstrating how social formations may be transformed by the operations of practice.     

THE FORGOTTEN WOMEN: A HISTORY OF MIGRANT LABOUR AND GENDER RELATIONS IN VANUATU

Writing on the labour trade focuses on the question of whether Melanesian labourers recruited to work in Australia and Fiji were kidnapped slaves, or willing volunteers. This debate about victims versus actors tends however to be constructed from the viewpoint of the male recruit. The small minority of Melanesian women who were recruited are typically seen as motivated to go because of love or sexual relations with men, and are sometimes portrayed as ‘prostitutes‘. Through an examination of some primary sources, secondary interpretative histories and the oral history of one region of Vanuatu, this paper queries this image of women in the labour trade. It suggests moreover, that the labour trade must be seen as having dramatic effects on relations between women and men in Vanuatu's villages.     

A REGION OF SCATTERED SETTLEMENTS AND BOUNDED POSSIBILITIES: NORTHEASTERN AMERICA 1775–1800

The human geography of the Canadian Maritime provinces was transformed in the late eighteenth century; before 1775, the transformation proceeded largely under the sway of New England; after 1783 it was overwhelmingly the product of Loyalist settlement; by 1800 the region had 8 or 9 times its population of 1756, four colonial jurisdictions had been carved from the original Nova Scotia, and its landscape, economy, and society revealed patterns that would persist into the twentieth century. Following a companion article on the geography of pre-Revolutionary Nova Scotia (The Canadian Geographer 31:2), this essay considers the migration of Loyalists and others into the region, traces the development of settlements, and charts the patterns of economic development in Nova Scotia and its neighbouring colonies during the last quarter of the eighteenth century. The geography of the region in 1800 is described, and the economic, social, and geographical changes that shaped it in the late eighteenth century are seen to reflect broader patterns of North American development. A la fin du dix-huitième siècle, la géographic humaine des provinces maritimes canadiennes fut l'objet de transformations, d'abord largement sous l'influence de la Nouvelle-Angleterre avant 1775; puis, après 1781, grace à l'établissement des Loyalistes. En 1800, la population de la region a était multipliée 8 ou 9 fois depuis 1756, l'ancienne Nouvelle-Ecosse avait été découpée en quatre territoires coloniaux et le paysage, l'économie et la société montraient les signes précurseurs de formes qui allaient persister jusqu'au vingtième siècle. Cet essai, venant à la suite d'un article parallèle sur la géographic de la Nouvelle-Ecosse pré révolutionnaire paru dans le numéro 2, Vol 31, de Le Géographe canadien, traite de l'arrivée dans la region des Loyalistes et d'autres groupes. L'auteur retrace le développement du peuplement et décrit les différents aspects de l'évolution économique de la Nouvelle-Ecosse et des colonies avoisinantes au cours du dernier quart du dix-huitième siècle. Finalement, après avoir tracé le tableau de la géographic de la région en 1800, l'auteur conclut que les changements économiques, sociaux et géographiques qui l'ont marquéà la fin du dix-huitième siècle reflètent les caractéristiques plus générales du développement de l'Amérique du Nord.     

WORKING-CLASS WOMEN AND CIVIC ACTION: A CASE STUDY OF AN INNOVATIVE COMMUNITY ROLE*

This paper focuses on working-class women who are assuming public responsibility in voluntary organizations aimed at the maintenance and improvement of their city neighborhoods. Forty women were interviewed in-depth regarding their civic concerns and voluntary activities in a case study of Carondelet, a predominantly white working-class neighborhood of St. Louis. Overall, activism is well-organized and widespread with women playing a major contributing role. If the experience of Carondelet is typical, then future urban policy analysis must seriously take into account extensive female input at the grass-roots level.