ON-THE-SPOT RECORD OF THE RESCUING OF ANCIENT BOOKS AND MATERIALS UNEARTHED AT THE PAINGAR MONASTERY

正The Paingar Monastery is situated at the town of Jayul in Luntse County of Lhoka City.It was given the name because of a famous senior monk of the Kagyu Sect of Tibetan Buddhism,Drumpa Padmagyapo(1527-1596),who cultivated himself at this monastery according to Tibetan Buddhist doctrines.It is unknown when the monastery was founded,but it is presently a typical Kagyu monastery.     

LHARI COUNTY,A MAJOR LINK ALONG THE ANCIENT TEA-HORSE ROAD

正Lhari County is situated in a special part of Nagqu in the Tibet Autonomous Region. People living in the valley of southern Tibet often refer to it as north Lhari, and it is recognized as part of the area where north Tibetan culture continues to prevail. Nevertheless, the people of Nagqu itself like to call it south Lhari and believe it to be the place with the best     

CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS OF MARBLES FROM SOME ANCIENT QUARRIES OF WESTERN ANATOLIA AND THEIR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

¹³C/¹²C and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratios have been measured for 42 marbles from the main quarry localities of archaeological interest of Western Anatolia (Marmara, Ephesos, Aphrodisias, Denizli and Afyon) in order to test the possibility of isotopically characterizing ancient marbles from this region. The various groups of samples are not clearly distinguishable on a δ¹³C-δ¹⁸O diagram. However, if only white or slightly coloured samples are considered, the isotopic method appears to be much more selective.     

TIBETANS WITH THEIR DOGS

Bring ethnic Tibetans and their dogs together and you will get an inextricable union. The earliest dogs descended from wild beasts of prey- being fierce,tough,strong,and prepared to fight to death against any rival.However,having been tamed by human beings,dogs became companions to mankind and could form a strong bond     

REVIEWS OF BOOKS

Book reviewed in this article: Nationalism in Ireland. By D. George Boyce Mortmain Legislation and the English Church 1279–1500. By Sandra Raban Parliament and Politics in Late Medieval England. By J.S. Roskell. Knights and Esquires: The Gloucestershire Gentry in the Fourteenth Century. By Nigel Saul. The Tudor Constitution: Documents and Commentary. Edited and introduced by G.R. Elton. Resistance and Compromise: The Political Thought of the Elizabethan Catholics. By Peter Holmes. Scotland under Morton 1572–80. By George R. Hewitt Northampton: Patronage and Policy at the Court of James I. By Linda Levy Peck. The Private Journals of the Long Parliament 3 January to 5 March 1642. Edited by Willson H. Coates, Anne Steele Young and Vernon F. Snow. Reactions to the English Civil War 1642–1649. Edited by John Morrill The Correspondence of John Locke. Edited by E.S. de Beer. Estate Management in Eighteenth-Century England: The Building of the Leveson-Gower Fortune. By J.R. Wordie. The Devonshire Diary: William Cavendish, Fourth Duke of Devonshire, Memoranda on State Affairs 1759–1762. Edited by Peter D. Brown and Karl W. Schweizer. Wars and Revolutions: Britain 1760–1815. By Ian R. Christie. Sister Peg: A Pamphlet Hitherto Unknown by David Hume. Edited with an introduction and notes by David R. Raynor. Electoral Behavior in Unreformed England: Plumpers, Splitters and Straights. By John A. Phillips. The Friends of Peace: Anti-War Liberalism in England 1793–1815. By J.E. Cookson. For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London 1796–1821. By J. Ann Hone. Nineteenth-Century Parliamentary Elections in East Yorkshire. By John Markham. The Lion of Freedom: Feargus O'Connor and the Chartist Movement 1832–1842. By James Epstein. The Red Earl: The Papers of the Fifth Earl Spencer 1835–1910. Volume I: 1835–1885. Edited by Peter Gordon. Peel, Priests and Politics: Sir Robert Peel's Administration and the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland 2841–1846. By Donal A. Kerr. Lord Reading: Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading, Lord Chief Justice and Viceroy of India, 1860–1935. By Denis Judd. G.P. Gooch: A Study in History and Politics. By Frank Eyck. De Valera and the Ulster Question 1927–1973. By John Bowman. The People and the Party System: The Referendum and Electoral Reform in British Politics. By Vernon Bogdanor. The Almanac of British Politics. By Robert Waller.     

REVIEWS OF BOOKS

Book reviewed in this article: Parliament and community. Edited by Art Cosgrove and J.I. McGuire. English Lordship in Ireland 1318–1361. By Robin Frame. The Statesman and the Fanatic: Thomas Wolsey and Thomas More. By Jasper Ridley. The Axe of Elizabeth: England under the Later Tudors 1547–1603. By D.M. Palliser. Calendar of tha Correspondernce of the Smyth Family of Ashton Court 1548–1642. Edited by J.H. Bettey. Faith by Statute: Parliament and the Settlement of Religion 1559. By Norman L. Jones. De Republica Anglorum by Sir Thomas Smith. Edited by Mary Dewar. Charles I: The Personal Monarch. By Charles Carlton. Charles I and the Popish Plot. By Caroline M. Hibbard. The English Republic 1649–3660. By Toby Barnard. England without a King 3649–1660. By Austin Woolrych. The Poet's Time: Politics and Religion in the Work of Andrew Marvell. By Warren L. Chernaik. William Molyneux of Dublin 1656–1698. By J.G. Simms. Edited by P.H. Kelly. The Glorious Revolution. By John Miller. Hell-Fire Duke: The Lije of tlie Duke of Wharton. By Mark Blackett-Ord. Lord Bolingbroke: Contributions to the Craftsman. Edited by Simon Varey. Pvoceedinp and Debates of the Brifish Parliament Rcspecfirg North America 1754-1 781.Edited by R.C. Simmons and P.D.G. Thomas. The Emergence of the British Two-Party System 1760–1832. By Frank O'Gorman. A Great and Necessary Measure: George Grenville and the Genesis of the Stamp Act 1763–1765. By John L. Bullion. Peaceable Kingdom: Stability and Change in Modern Britain. By Brian Harrison. Palmerston: The Early Years 1784–1841. By Kenneth Bournc. Selections from the Papers of the London Corresponding Society 1792–1799. Edited by Mary Thale. The Great Reform Act of 1832. By Eric J. Evans. Lord Aberdeen: A Political Biography. By Muriel E. Chamberlain. A Political Odyssey: Thornas O'Donnell M.P. for West Kerry 1900–1918. By J. Anthony Gaughan. Britain and Ireland 1914–23. By Sheila Lawlor.     

REVIEWS OF BOOKS

Book reviewed in this article: The Impeachment of Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, in 1386 in the Context of the Reign of Richard II. By J.S. Roskell. Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History. Edited by A.J. Pollard. Henry VII. By Roger Lockyer. Lancastrians and Yorkists: The Wars of the Roses. By David R. Cook. The Reign of Mary I. By Robert Tittler. All the Queen's Men: Power and Politics in Mary Stewart's Scotland. By Gordon Donaldson. Lordship to Patronage: Scotland 1603–1745. By Rosalind Mitchison. The House of Lords 1603–1649: Structure, Procedure and the Nature of Its Business. By Elizabeth Read Foster. Stuart Royal Proclamations. Volume II: Proclamations of King Charles I 1625–1646. Edited by James F. Larkin. The Making of a Ruling Class: The Glamorgan Gentry 1640–1790. By Philip Jenkins. Two Diaries of the Long Parliament. Edited by Maija Jansson. Party and Management in Parliament 1660–1784. Edited by Clyve Jones. A Handlist of British Parliamentary Poll Books. Edited by John Sims. The Correspondence of the Dukes of Richmond and Newcastle 1724–1750. Edited by Timothy J. McCann. Soame Jenyns. By Ronald Rompkey. British Parliamentary Parties 1742–1832: From the Fall of Walpole to the First Reform Act. By B.W. Hill. The Younger Pitt: The Reluctant Transition. By John Ehrman. The British Political Tradition. By W.H. Greenleaf. Victorian Radicalism: The Middle-Class Experience 1830–1914. By Paul Adelman. Crosses on the Ballot: Patterns of British Voter Alignment since 1885. By Kenneth D. Wald. Lloyd George: Backbencher. By W.R.P. George. Liberalism and the Rise of Labour 1890–1918. By Keith Laybourn and Jack Reynolds. Neville Chamberlain. Volume One: Pioneering and Reform 1869–1929.By David Dilks. Wars and Welfare: Britain 1914–1945. By Max Beloff. The Legend of Red Clydeside. By Iain McLean. Finest Hour: Winston S. Churchill 1939–41. By Martin Gilbert. Civil Liberties in Britain during the Second World War: A Political Study. By Neil Stammers.     

REVIEWS OF BOOKS

Book reviewed in this article: Parliamentary History, Libraries and Records: Essays Presented to Maurice Bond. Edited by H. S. Cobb. London: House of Lords Record Office A History of the County of Chester: Volume II (The Victoria History of the Counties of England). Edited by B. E. Harris. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306. By G. W. S. Barrow. (The New History of Scotland, Volume 2.) London: Edward Arnold. 1981 Robert Winchelsey and the Crown 1294–1313: A Study in the Defence of Ecclesiastical Liberty. By Jeffrey H. Denton. (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought. Third series, Volume 14.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press John Russell, First Earl of Bedford: One of the King's Men. By Diane Willen. London: Royal Historical Society, Studies in History series No. 23; published for the Royal Historical Society by Swift Printers (Publishers) Ltd The Lisle Letters. Edited by Muriel St Clare Byrne. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press The Irish Constitutional Revolution of the Sixteenth Century. By Brendan Bradshaw. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press King Charles I. By Pauline Gregg. London: Dent Denzil Holles 1598–1680: A Study of his Political Career. By Patricia Crawford. London: Royal Historical Society, Studies in History series No. 16; published for the Royal Historical Society by Swift Printers (Publishers) Ltd A Register of Parliamentary Lists 1660–1761. Edited by David Hayton and Clyve Jones. University of Leicester History Department Occasional Publication No. 1. Leicester: University of Leicester History Department A Register of Parliamentary Lists 1660–1761: A Supplement. Edited by David Hayton and Clyve Jones. University of Leicester History Department Occasional Publication No. 3. Leicester: University of Leicester History Department The Correspondence of John Locke. Edited by E. S. de Beer. (The Clarendon Edition of the Works of John Locke.) Volume VI: Letters Nos. 2119–2664. Oxford: Clarendon Press The Whig Ascendancy: Colloquies on Hanoverian England. Edited by John Cannon. London: Edward Arnold Ireland in the Age of Imperialism and Revolution 1760–1801. By R. B. McDowell. Oxford: Clarendon Press The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke. General Editor: Paul Langford. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Volume II: Party, Parliament and the American Crisis 1766–1774. Edited by Paul Langford The English Administrative System 1780–1870. By Sir Norman Chester. Oxford: Clarendon Press Order and Equipoise: The Peerage and the House of Lords 1783–1806. By Michael W. McCahill. London: Royal Historical Society, Studies in History series No. 11; published for the Royal Historical Society by Swift Printers (Publishers) Ltd. Castlereagh. By Wendy Hinde. London: Collins The Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury. By Geoffrey B. A. M. Finlayson. London: Eyre Methuen British Interparty Conferences: A Study of the Procedure of Conciliation in British Politics 1867–1921. By John D. Fair. Oxford: Clarendon Press The Campaign for Prohibition in Victorian England: The United Kingdom Alliance 1872–1895. By A. E. Dingle. London: Croom Helm Joseph Chamberlain: A Political Study. By Richard Jay. Oxford: Clarendon Press Colne Valley: Radicalism to Socialism. The Portrait of a Northern Constituency in the Formative Years of the Labour Party 1890–1910. By David Clark. London: Longman The People's Budget 1909/10: Lloyd George and Liberal Politics. By Bruce K. Murray. Oxford: Clarendon Press Baldwin Thwarts the Opposition: The British General Election of 1935. By Tom Stannage. London: Croom Helm The Commons in Perspective. By Philip Norton. Oxford: Martin Robertson Works of Art in the House of Lords. Edited by Maurice Bond. London: H. M. S. O.     

大鹏所城 深圳罕见的古城

深圳,这座只有30年历史的年轻城市,在谈及它的文化的时候,人们往往会忘记它历史的厚重。然而在深圳东部的大鹏半岛,有一座古城堡在用它的沧桑诉说着深圳的过去,它就是——大鹏所城。     

秘鲁时间的迷城

秘鲁,是野生动物的天堂,鸬鹚、火烈乌、鲣乌、鹈鹕、海鸥、仿佛是色彩魔方里的一块块拼图,用鲜艳的羽毛讲述着绚丽的自然之谜,而数以万计、不同种类的动物在这谜一般的土地上生息繁衍,谜一般地和睦共处了千万年。     

穿越开罗千年老城

作为“世界之母”的开罗吸引着大批的外国人。19世纪和20世纪初,欧美各国的人把这里当作气候温和的冬季运动场。现在海湾地区的阿拉伯人为了远离沙特阿拉伯和科威特的炎热,每年夏天都到这里避暑。对于他们来说,开罗是阿拉伯的好莱坞和“大苹果城” (美国纽约市的绰号)。     

THE ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY OF ANCIENT CERAMICS

A series of corrosion experiments was carried out using identical samples of a ceramic of known composition, structure and density which were subjected to a variety of simulated soil solutions. The action of the solutions was monitored by measuring their pH as a function of time at 25 °C and 90 °C. Under all conditions the pH stabilized rapidly. Microscopic and electron microscopic studies showed the presence of reaction/alteration products that would account for the observed pH changes. The findings indicate that ancient ceramics that exhibit no physical deterioration will have below their surface a composition corresponding to the composition of the sherd at the time of its burial.     

A COMPARISON OF THE CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF ANCIENT ROMAN HYDRAULIC CONCRETE WITH A MODERN REPRODUCTION OF VITRUVIAN HYDRAULIC CONCRETE*

The authors have completed structural and compositional analysis of Roman hydraulic concrete using large cores taken from a variety of maritime structures. In 2005 an 8 m³ block of hydraulic, pozzolanic concrete was built in the sea at Brindisi (Italy), applying the materials and procedures specified by the Roman architect Vitruvius. Cores were taken at 6 months and 12 months after construction and subjected to the same analyses as the first‐century bc cores from pilae associated with the Villa of the Domitii Ahenobarbi at Santa Liberata. Results show that a slight variation on the Vitruvian formula yields results closest to the Roman material, and that substantial curing requires 12 months.     

SOLDERING WITH GOLD ALLOYS IN ANCIENT SOUTH AMERICA: EXAMINATION OF TWO SMALL GOLD STUDS FROM ECUADOR

This paper presents the results of electron microprobe analysis of two gold studs, and their associated gold alloy solders. from La Tolita in Ecuador. Metallographic and compositional data are presented and the types of solders used are discussed.     

NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT BURMESE SILVER COINS WITH A LOW FLUX AMERICIUM/BERYLLIUM NEUTRON SOURCE

Nondestructive neutron activation analysis is by now a well-established technique for the analysis of ancient silver coins. The high activation cross-section of silver for thermal neutrons makes it possible to also use this method with the low neutron fluxes available from an isotopic neutron source. In this case due consideration must be given to minimize the self-shielding effect which is encountered with coins above a few tenths of a millimetre thickness. A simple method for the determination of the silver, copper and gold content in silver coins based on the self-shielding properties of silver alloys of different fineness is described. The method has been found to be useful for the quick routine assay of silver coins for the purpose of their classification. Seventeen ancient Burmese silver coins from three different cultural periods of Burma, and two British coins for comparison have been analyzed by this method.