环境解说评估研究综述

环境解说评估具有导向、鉴定、改进、管理、调控以及服务功能。国外的环境解说评估注重运用定性与定量分析结合的方式,研究内容包括：游客对解说媒体满意度和偏好、环境解说评估的方法和效果、环境解说的综合评估、环境解说评估标准等。国内相关研究起步比较晚,研究内容多为探讨解说效果和游客满意度,也有少量关于环境解说评估的理论思考以及评估方式探讨。本文认为,需要进一步扩展环境解说评估的对象,丰富环境解说评估的方法,加强前期评估和阶段评估的研究,并建立起环境解说标准。     

解说:源起、概念、研究内容和方法

解说是旅游休闲研究中相当重要的一个概念,但关于解说的研究却只是近50年以来的事情。从20世纪60年代至今,解说研究经历了形成期、寻找最佳媒介期、探求正当性阶段,到1990年代初期初步走向成熟。目前,国际上的解说研究借助更多社会学和心理学理论,以及应用社会科学如营销、消费行为、应用行为分析及教育分析方法等,通过理性行为理论、计划行为理论、规范焦点理论、阐述可能性模式、基模理论、防御动机理论以及其他认知和社会认知理论得到理论架构,并逐渐走向成熟。与此相应,解说的理论研究在国内大陆尚未得到应有的重视,研究水平也与国际上存在较大的差距。本文从文献综述的角度,梳理了国际解说研究的最新进展,对解说的源起、概念、研究内容和方法等问题进行了探讨,并针对我国解说研究的现状分析了我国解说研究发展的前景,通过研究发现,我国的解说研究主要集中在台湾地区,研究的案例地选择较单一,对解说效果的评估缺乏定量的评估等等,另外也看到中国大陆地区,有关解说研究的论文曾逐年增多的态势,解说研究在中国也会越来越得到重视,解说也会被用到旅游的各个方面。     

国内外旅游解说研究进展

旅游解说是旅游景区服务设施的重要组成部分,但相关研究滞后于实践发展。基于国内外关于旅游解说文献资料的整理分析,认为现有的研究集中于概念辨析、解说媒介、案例规划设计、解说系统评估、新兴旅游方式解说、多学科理论引入等方面。同时从研究内容、研究理论、数据来源、分析方法方面对比了国内外旅游解说研究的异同。最后提出国内旅游解说未来重点的研究内容,以及在研究方法上可借鉴国际研究,采用更多定量定性方法结合使研究成果更加丰富。     

解说缘起、发展与研究方法进展

解说(Interpretation)是我国国家公园建设的重要组成部分,是促进生态保护、加强生态文明建设、提高国民科学素养的重要手段.解说的概念自20世纪90年代末引入我国学术界以来出现了不少名词释义上的混淆,同时缺乏有效的评价方法,阻碍了解说在自然保护地和旅游区的推广.本文综合提尔顿(Tilden)对解说释义以及西方多个关于解说概念的阐述,明确了亲身体验与交流联系是解说的两个最主要特征.与环境教育不同,解说是在自然环境中对主动学习的游客开展的活动.近年来兴起的眼动追踪技术和参与式GIS制图等方法,为解说效果评估研究的发展提供了新借鉴,具有推广价值.本文厘清了国内的解说概念,明确解说本身是对过程的描述,其核心是解释,这对于进一步推进我国国家公园建设具有积极作用.     

通江猕猴自然保护区的生态旅游资源定量评价

在对保护区生态旅游资源进行调查基础上,本文运用了层次分析法,通过专家对各个评价因子赋值,建立了对通江猕猴自然保护区旅游资源的多指标综合评价模型,定量地评价了该地区的自然旅游资源。从而给保护区开发生态旅游资源提供正确的指导。     

红色旅游解说对游客国家认同的影响研究 ——以雨花台烈士陵园为例

红色旅游解说对促进红色旅游发展、传承红色文化基因、加强爱国主义教育、增强民众国家认同感具有重要作用.本文将以江苏省南京市雨花台烈士陵园为例,从解说方式、解说内容、解说丰富性、解说满意度等视角分析红色旅游解说对游客国家认同的影响.研究表明,人工解说与非人工解说的合理搭配、以文化和人物为主的解说内容、讲解内容的丰富性及超出...     

城市人居环境与满意度评价研究

从安全、舒适、和谐、方便等原则出发,选择建筑质量等5个准则,房型设计等56个因素作为调查与评价因子,建立城市人居环境满意度评估的基本框架,运用社会调查统计法对城区代表居住地域进行综合评价,指出南京市区人居环境总体处于发展阶段,并提出各居住地域人居环境优化措施和方案。     

考古遗址公园遗产解说展示体系探索——以大明宫国家考古遗址公园为例

本文通过对国内外解说牌研究进展的评价,结合考古遗址公园内遗址解说牌系统设计的实践研究,分析了遗址解说牌设计过程中需要注意的问题,并对今后遗址解说牌设计提出相关的建议。     

基于需求分析的曲江遗址公园旅游解说系统优化研究

随着旅游业发展的日趋成熟,旅游解说系统在提升游客旅游体验质量、开展科普教育和景区管理工作、增强游客的环境保护意识等方面的作用也日益凸显。旅游解说系统是影响游客体验质量和衡量旅游景区服务的重要因素,而解说需求研究是景区旅游解说系统优化的基础。本文通过问卷调查法和统计分析法,对曲江遗址公园景区游客的解说需求进行了深入的分析。根据游客的解说需求特点,提出了完善解说媒体布局、加强景区重要特征解说、扩展解说内容和增强解说的针对性,以及景区解说系统的优化措施,也给其他同类型的旅游景区解说系统优化提供启示。     

文化遗产型景区双语解说问题与探讨——以西安为例

本文以兵马俑博物馆、西安碑林和大唐芙蓉园的解说牌为例,依据有效解说和信息创作的原则以及国际文化遗产旅游者的动机特点和需求,采用实地考察、深度访谈,中英文解说文本对比分析等方法,对这些景区的双语解说进行了研究和分析。研究发现文化遗产型景区双语解说普遍存在系统性、主题性、信息逻辑性和解说手段等问题,英语解说牌提供的信息与导游讲解提供的信息量相比有明显差异;文本分析发现翻译质量严重影响了英语解说文本的可读性,双语公示语翻译功能性差,文化因素考虑不够;深度访谈发现英语解说牌不能满足国际旅游者对被参观地遗产意义渴望了解的需求,导致了双语解说没有达到文化沟通的效果。     

Isaiah b. Amoz’s Attitude towards the Faith of the Gentile Nations

This article discusses the pilgrimage of the nations to Zion described in Isa 2,2-5, focusing on Isaiah’s attitude to their future faith in the God of Israel. A number of ways of understanding Isaiah’s view are proposed on the basis of a series of ever-widening interpretive circles. These are determined by their linguistic and/or substantive and/or cognitive affinities with the vision, influencing the exegesis of the vision either through their content or the worldview they reflect. None of the circles entails a reading of the vision as a closed unit isolated from its context.     

Curating convergence: interpreting museum objects in integrated collecting institutions

This article is concerned with the phenomenon of convergence (institutional integration) of museums, libraries, archives and other cultural facilities. It investigates how such amalgamations impact the capacity of curatorial and collections staff to carry out interpretive practices, including object research, documentation and exhibition development. Through thematic content analysis of staff interviews conducted at five case studies of local government-run converged collecting institutions in Australia and New Zealand, the paper suggests that administrative restructuring – often predicated on the dual imperatives of financial efficiency and improved cultural provision – produces institutional frameworks that undermine the capacity of collections staff to interrogate the meanings of objects. In turn, impediments to interpretive practice limit the extent to which collections are rendered intellectually accessible to visitors.     

Symbolic Meanings and the Feasibility of Policy Images: Relocating Military Bases to the Periphery in Israel

This article is aimed at crafting an interpretive policy analysis as a predictive tool by using the proposal to relocate Israeli military bases. Since the mid‐2000s, the Israeli government has promoted a new plan to transfer military bases from urban areas and central regions to the southern metropolitan area in the Negev desert. The economic and operational logic behind the program is unclear and prompts serious debate about nationality, ethnicity, economic gaps, and the environment in the Negev. This area epitomizes marginality in Israel, both socially and geographically, and is characterized by conflicts between Jews and Bedouins. Thus, the program can be regarded as one involving policy images, where potential participants lack the information necessary for understanding the goals of the policy. This paper proposes a new methodology based on interpretive policy analysis for conducting a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and practicality of the proposed program. We use this methodology to analyze the symbolic meanings that local organizations attribute to the program with the goal of predicting their response to this program. Thus, the relocation plan serves as a template on which to develop and test the IPA‐informed evaluative methodology, which is applicable to other cases.     

Faunal Materials and Interpretive Archaeology—Epistemology Reconsidered

The objective of this paper is twofold. It intends to reformulate the assumptions of interpretive archaeology and within this context to elaborate the framework within which one can study social and symbolic relationships between humans and animals in the prehistoric farming communities of Central Europe. Postprocessual archaeology has failed to provide a satisfactory account of how to judge the credibility of competing issues about the past. In the interpretive approach to animal bone assemblages, it is argued that the results of actualistic studies justify this credibility. The objective of actualistic studies is to establish how, when, and by whom the archaeological record has been produced. Credibility is also provided by the biological characteristics of animals maintained and consumed. The first level of credibility is a prerequisite to a further interpretation of the social dimensions of human action with respect to animals. The second level of interpretation is based on the horizontal distribution of archaeological pasts within and between sites.     

“Doing” Agency: Introductory Remarks on Methodology

As a theory of social reproduction, agency provides an attractive framework for understanding how material culture relates to everyday social action, to long-standing cultural institutions, and to wholesale culture change. What remains under-explored in archaeology is the question of how to proceed in linking observable material patterning to the agency of ancient social reproduction and how to understand the role of material culture in this dynamic process. This introduction (to this and the next issue of JAMT (Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory)) explores why there is a need for archaeology to develop explicitly articulated “middle range interpretive methodologies” that are appropriate for agency-oriented research in the past.     

Archaeology and Inka Origins

The recent proliferation of Andean archaeological research presents new interpretive opportunities for reconstructing different aspects of Inka origins. Early colonial historiography reveals that “Inka origins” refers to multiple aspects of the past, including the first appearance of Andean people, Inca ancestors, and the imperial title. The intellectual history of Inka archaeology demonstrates the lasting influence of Spanish colonial interpretive values, even with the gradual introduction of new scientific methods during the 20th century. Since 1970, significant advances in the archaeology of Cuzco, the Inka capital region, and other parts of the Andes have established an independent database that highlights the long-term and regional aspect of Inka origins, as well as areas where interpretive questions remain. The shift from colonial chronicles to archaeological data improves the accuracy of reconstructions of Inka origins, but it also raises some epistemological questions for the future relationships between history and archaeology in the study of ancient empires.     

The morphological identification of micro-residues on stone tools using light microscopy: progress and difficulties based on blind tests

Fifty-three stone flakes were knapped for a series of four blind tests on replicated flakes with residues derived from the processing of plant and animal products. Some flakes were hafted before use. Tests 1 and 2 were pioneering efforts published in 2004; lessons learned from these early studies shaped the new research reported here and lead to improved methodology and interpretive skills. A high level of accuracy was obtained for test 4. Test 3 showed that the rock type of a tool could influence the ability of the analyst to recognize and interpret residues. Test 4 in the series resulted in the most accurate interpretations because, prior to Test 4, identification difficulties experienced during the first three blind test sessions were addressed by examining many stone tools that had been used for various replicated tasks. The preparatory exercise was particularly useful for resolving issues that had previously caused problems for correctly identifying animal residues. The new work reported here highlights some of the difficulties that can be experienced in the morphological identification of microscopic organic residues, particularly the distinction between animal and plant residues. Some solutions for these problems are suggested.     

Discursive Agency: (Re‐)Conceptualizing Actors and Practices in the Analysis of Discursive Policymaking

Interpretive discourse analysis commonly claims to address the interrelation between actors and discourses. However, the analytical focus of most approaches is on structures (discourses) while much less attention is paid to agency. This paper explicitly addresses discursive agency in two steps. First, we systematically review theoretical and analytical dimensions of agency in existing interpretive discourse analysis approaches. This review reveals a set of shared assumptions; most notably a concept of “trialectic” agency emphasizing the constitution of agency among the individual, the (discursive) structures, and the researcher's interpretation. Second, we propose an analytical heuristic, the Discursive Agency Approach, which is developed on the basis of the review and own empirical data. The proposed approach consists of four elements: (1) policy discourses, (2) political institutions, (3) agents defined via a set of characteristics, and (4) strategic practices. This approach is meant to facilitate a systematic exploration of agency under a discourse perspective, tackling the question of how a policy is constituted through the agency ascribed to its proponents in dynamic discursive processes, and how actors acquire political relevance through discursive means. To enable this goal, we propose distinct research steps and associated methods that link the approach to existing means of analysis.