History and Anthropology: A Dialogue

Abstract

Mainstream geographical information systems techniques and packaged geographical information systems software are often inappropriate in historical contexts because they use geographical coordinates as a framework around which all other information is organized as “attribute data,” whereas in history locations are often the least certain part of our knowledge. A new and general architecture for documenting administrative units and organizing historical statistics is detailed, which prioritizes named entities and explicit semantic relationships such as “IsPartOf,” while holding coordinate data where available. This architecture is easily aligned with the recent development of geo-semantics by information scientists, meeting the formal requirements for a geo-spatial ontology, but was originally developed to enable the systematic computerization of traditional historical reference works, notably Frederick Youngs’ Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England.     

历史地理学的学科属性辨析

文章从学科属性、历史根源及客观现实等方面剖析了历史地理学科命名上的名实不符问题。认为历史地理学的研究应回归到研究社会历史与地理环境关系的轨道,现实的历史地理学研究内容应归属于地理历史学的学科范畴,指出了研究社会历史发展与地理环境关系的重要性与必要性。     

A New Approach to Analyzing Historical Urban Growth of Ottoman Cities: Manisa Case Study

Abstract

The physical growth of cities is usually used to define the main direction of a city's development. This definition is key to understanding the city's current state and to plan for the future. Many urban planners agree that master plans should include historical urban growth and aim to specify the effective factors driving urban growth. However, defining urban boundaries and historical urban areas is a difficult task. The lack of satellite images, air photos, and real maps to use as base maps for historical urban studies is a problem that a researcher may face when determining patterns of urban development or conducting other analyses. In this article, the authors examine historical changes of the urban boundaries of the Ottoman city of Manisa. They analyze the physical growth of this large city by using the historical buildings (mosques, masjids, madrasas, baths, caravansary, and others) as markers.     

一夫多妻制在古代岭南盛行的地理基础及其历史影响

历史文献记载及婚俗残余反映古代岭南地区盛行一夫多妻制,本文在此基础上,指出该地特殊的自然地理环境、深刻的历史和社会文化背景、鲜明的区域文化特色等是使得一夫多妻制盛行的主要原因。一夫多妻制在岭南有明显的地域差异,可分为山区、珠江三角洲和沿海三个地区,给当地社会和文化带来深刻的影响,时至今日,在岭南经济发达的城镇,重婚、“包二奶(情妇)”现象又有所抬头,是新形势下一夫多妻制的另一种表现形式或折射。在正视这种现象同时,应充分认识它,并采取强有力措施革除它,以达到净化社会风气的目的。     

我们说什么?我们对谁去说?——在美国地理学家协会1987年年会上的讲话

地理学家的演讲与他们运用文字、图象所作的交流同样值得重视.美国的地理学可以通过下述途径得到加强,即围绕地点、地区和全球联系发展实质性演讲,促进自然地理的发展,恢复地理生态的传统.地理信息系统(geographic information systems)对于完成上述任务,对于改进地理学科以满足不断出现的需要,将是一个非常有用的工具.如果我们能够避免自己拆自己的台,避免不现实的空想,避免玩弄语言技巧,而是坚持在大学里进行高质量的教学,并在教师和从事地理实践工作的人员之间开展学术交流,那么地理学将会变得更加有效.我们有一个前所未有的机会来帮助改进美国的中小学地理教育.     

当代中国史研究中的文献史料问题

当代中国史研究需要搜集、整理、考证和利用文献史料。搜集史料要求“全”,整理史料要求“实”,考证史料要求“真”,利用史料要求“准”,这些直接关系到所出研究成果的科学水平和学术质量。当代中国史文献史料类型多种,既包括有关的文件和档案、文集和文稿、报纸和新闻稿、定期刊物、纪实和回忆、资料汇编,又涉及地方史志、史学史料、国外资料、批判研究资料。就此文献史料进行马克思主义的历史考察和具体分析,可加深对其真实性、政治性和现实性的认识。建国后,学术界十分重视当代中国史文献史料工作:搜集相当广泛,整理比较系统,考证多有创新,利用成效显著。倘能对此丰富实践继续给予理论上的总结,无论对于当代中国史文献史料学的学科建设,乃至当代中国史研究的深入和发展,都具有一定的理论意义和实践价值。     

Rebuilding the Great Britain Historical GIS,Part 1: Building an Indefinitely Scalable Statistical Database

Abstract

The Great Britain Historical Geographical Information System (GIS) has been rebuilt around a single central table holding all statistics in one column, currently containing 14,541,491 data values. This architecture enables extremely flexible data handling, but requires that the context of each data value be captured entirely as metadata. Statistical reporting areas are defined via an ontology of administrative units, in which hierarchical relationships are compulsory while boundary polygons are optional. What a number measures is recorded via a relational implementation of the Data Documentation Initiative standard, locating each value within an n-dimensional matrix, or nCube, whose dimensions are variables such as age, gender, and occupation. The data library can be extended to additional countries or more statistical topics without adding any database tables.     

我国历史文化遗产科学数据共享的现状及对策研究

本文论述了历史文化遗产科学数据共享管理的必要性,系统地分析了我国历史文化遗产科学数据共享存在的问题及其制约因素,就做好历史文化遗产科学数据共享管理提出了转变观念、健全法律法规、建立规范标准体系和构建服务体系的建议。     

论释赞宁《宋高僧传》的史料价值

释赞宁《宋高僧传》承继梁代释慧皎《高僧传》、唐代释道宣《续高僧传》而作,是记载唐初至北宋初三百多年间佛教僧人精英的总传。要了解佛教在中国的生存发展情况离不开佛教史籍,同时佛教与社会生活密切相关,所以《宋传》成为研究唐代至宋初中国佛教史、政治史、经济史、文化史、历史学等方面的重要资料。     

论焦竑《献征录》的史料价值

《献征录》是明代焦竑编纂的一部记载本朝人物的传记史书,所收人物跨度之大,数量之多,史无前例。该书不仅是《明史》、《国榷》等文献的重要史源之一,而且在纠谬、补阙、辑佚其他明史文献方面也具有可贵的史料价值。但作为一部假一人之力而完成的宏大史著,该书也存在体例不一、内容讹误、传记重复、引文出处不明等不足。     

汪琬与《明史》纂修

康熙十八年,汪琬与试博学鸿儒,入明史馆。与总裁官叶方蔼修史意见不合,在史馆仅六十日即移出。康熙十九年撰成列传一百七十五篇,后刻成《拟明史列传》二十四卷。作为《明史》纂修史上第一部刊刻问世的文字,《拟明史列传》集中反映了汪琬秉笔直书、合经史为一以求致用、裁剪得体兼求史笔有韵的史学思想,并具有重要的史料价值。     

云南省反贫困地理信息系统建设初探

本文从信息系统为决策支持服务的角度出发,以GIS、RS为手段,综合自然、经济、社会、环境等因素,多学科交叉,设计反贫困GIS的总体框架结构,研究和解决面向管理和决策的数据模型,实现致贫基本因素、贫困类型分布与贫困形势变化监测等方面的信息查询与辅助决策分析为一体的综合地理信息系统,为区域反贫困决策的各层次提供辅助分析与决策支持,为反贫困决策提供科学依据。     

《宋史·礼志》史料价值初探

《宋史·礼志》的史料价值主要体现在四个方面:一是记载较为系统与丰富,包括总体和局部两种情况;二是保存了部分珍贵史料,如诏令奏议、礼论等;三是订正他书讹误与不足,有时间误、人名误、职官误、地点误等;四是后世官私著述之史源。     

张荫麟的史料观今析

20世纪20年代由胡适发起的整理国故,以及随后由顾颉刚领头的古史辨运动等,对于中国近代历史学科发展,起到了不可忽视的推动作用。其最重要的贡献之一就是初步建立了对史料的选择、分析和运用的基本准则,并以此来促进历史叙述和书写的进步。身处这股浪潮当中的张荫麟,也逐步形成了自己的史料观念。这一过程由对疑古风气所带来的"求新好疑"的反思开始,进而发展到理想史料的择取和运用标准。而几十年前他对史料的深入分析,对于我们今日的史学研究也有一定的参考意义。     

A Historical GIS Approach to Studying the Evolution of the Railway and Urban Networks: The Balkans, 1870–2001

Abstract

The study investigates the complex relationship between border changes, railway construction, and the formation of the urban network of the Balkans between 1870 and 2000. The historical geographic information system is applied to measure the impact of border changes and railway construction on the growth of towns and cities and the concentration of urban population during a complex and important period for the formation of the economic geography of the region. While the research done so far has mainly focused on national contexts, the use of historical geographic information systems allows one to present a transnational perspective. The lack of historical continuity in the administrative organization of the Balkan states is offset by focusing on towns and cities instead of regions or municipalities. The results confirm the initial perception that in this part of the continent, national boundaries play a key role in determining the spatial distribution of population and economic activity.     

略论陆懋德的史学思想

陆懋德是20世纪前半期在史学理论方面颇有建树的著名学者。他强调治史应以"无所谓中西,取其长而求其是"为宗旨,以考古史料与文献材料并重的史料观审查、检验史料的真实性,用物质和心理的解释"二者当参用而不可偏用"的观点来解释历史变化、发展的过程。他的这种史学思想,是在继承前人成果与反思当时中国史学发展状况的过程中形成的,具有较强的理论价值和现实意义。