博罗横岭山先秦墓地出土春秋青铜矛腐蚀情况研究

作为2000年全国十大考古发现之一,惠州市博罗横岭山先秦墓地出土了大量精美的青铜器、陶瓷器和玉石器。本文采用显微镜、X射线探伤、X射线荧光能谱、X射线衍射、显微拉曼等方法对其中一件春秋时期青铜矛进行综合分析。结果表明,该青铜矛为铜锡二元合金。受酸性潮湿的埋藏土壤环境影响,青铜矛基体矿化严重,表面存在大量以SnO₂为主要成分的浅绿色锈蚀物和少量以碱式碳酸铜为主要成分的绿色锈蚀物。X射线探伤分析显示,青铜矛内部存在泥芯铸造产生的空腔和多处小孔状铸造缺陷。此外,青铜矛表面大部分区域覆盖有结晶态的以SnO₂为主要成分的致密半透明锈蚀层,这在同类型的锈蚀青铜器中较为少见,是其出土之后能长年保持稳定的表面锈蚀状态且器形较为完整稳固的原因。实验结果可为该青铜矛的保护修复处理提供有力的理论依据和数据支持,并为研究南方地区同类型青铜器锈蚀产物提供参考。     

浅谈新发现的几件秦国青铜器

新近发现的几件青铜器,经陕西省文物鉴定委员会鉴定为秦器。其和梁带村芮国墓地出土的青铜器有很多相似之处,也有根本性的区别,组合已不完整,但仍然可以大致复原。同时对春秋时期秦芮关系的研究也有一定的价值。     

秦始皇帝陵园出土彩绘青铜水禽表面彩绘工艺研究

为全面了解秦始皇帝陵园出土青铜水禽表面彩绘装饰工艺的技术内涵,利用显微观察、偏光显微鉴定、拉曼光谱分析等手段,对秦始皇帝陵园K0007陪葬坑出土彩绘青铜水禽表面彩绘装饰工艺进行了系统的考察和研究。研究结果显示,白色颜料为骨白,黑色颜料为炭黑;彩绘层为多层绘制而成,在结构上与秦陵出土陶俑、陶马表面彩绘具有明显区别;彩绘绘制技法包括平涂及堆绘两种,其中堆绘主要用于羽毛纹路羽轴的绘制,施彩工具可能为毛笔或毛刷。彩绘作为青铜器的装饰工艺主要出现于秦汉时期,但并没有得到广泛应用,可能与彩绘装饰自身的脆弱性以及青铜器的功能由礼容器转变为实用器有关。     

湖北随州叶家山西周墓地出土青铜器锈层结构的综合分析

为研究湖北随州叶家山西周墓地出土6件典型青铜器残片的锈蚀特征,利用超景深三维视频显微分析、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、离子色谱、拉曼光谱(Raman)及扫描电镜能谱面扫描分析(SEM-EDS Mapping)等方法对其进行了综合分析。研究结果表明:叶家山墓地墓葬多为中性/弱酸性、贫氯埋藏环境,有利于青铜器的保存。其锈层结构丰富,符合基于水与青铜器模拟腐蚀过程所推导的锈层结构类型。唯M46为弱碱性、富氯的埋藏环境,该墓出土残片锈蚀中存在有害锈,属于典型"粗糙疏松"锈层类型,亟须对该墓出土其他铜器进行相关保护处理。本研究系利用拉曼及扫描电镜能谱面扫描分析等方法对古代青铜器锈层结构进行原位、综合分析的工作。实践指出,利用拉曼及扫描电镜能谱面扫描分析等方法,可快捷、高效、有针对性地分析古代青铜器的锈层结构。     

郑韩故城热电厂墓地出土青铜器的初步分析

本文利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜能谱仪对郑韩故城热电厂墓地出土的l5件青铜器进行了分析,发现15件铜器的材质为铅锡青铜、锡青铜;制作工艺为铸造和热锻。热电厂墓地为东周时期郑韩故城贵族墓地,青铜器的初步分析研究为研究郑韩故城冶铸技术状况提供了参考资料。     

叶家山墓地曾国铭文青铜器研究

叶家山墓地是一处重要的西周早期墓地,墓地出土了曾侯谏、曾侯等大量铭文青铜器,为确定墓地性质和布局提供了直接的依据。叶家山墓地曾侯铭文青铜器也表现出复杂性,同一曾侯所作之器出现在不同的墓葬中,同一墓葬也出土不同称谓的曾侯青铜器,同时,曾侯所作的成组青铜器与最终随葬的青铜器组合也有较大区别。本文根据叶家山墓地带曾侯铭文的青铜器,试图解析一些曾侯级墓葬的墓主,并讨论墓地的一些青铜器组合方式及其意义。     

叶家山出土三足青铜器的地域特征分析

湖北随州叶家山遗址是一处西周早期的曾国墓地,出土了大批遗物,包括数量众多且铸造精美的青铜器。这批青铜器的总体特征与中原地区出土青铜器的风格相似,因此,多数学者认为,叶家山青铜器属典型西周文化性质,并无自身特征,不过,也有学者指出,那里仍有一些所谓的地域特征。本文对西周时期若干遗址出土的青铜器进行了实地观察和调研,并将其与叶家山出土青铜器进行比较研究。结果显示,叶家山出土三足青铜器中,桃圆形器口的器物为绝对主体。而其它地区西周遗址出土的青铜器中,仅山西翼城县大河口西周墓地与绛县横水西周墓地出土的青铜器中,有几件为桃圆形器口。基于此,叶家山出土的三足青铜器中,大多数器口为桃圆形,而这应属于地域特征。     

中国古代青铜器纹饰渊源试探

对于中国古代青铜器的研究已有一千多年的历史。往昔的研究,多偏重于青铜器形制与文字的探讨,对于青铜器纹饰的研究则甚为薄弱,尤其是青铜器纹饰渊源的问题,至今寥有文章论及。建国以来,特别是近年来田野考古发掘所提供的材料,丰富了我们对青铜器纹饰渊源问题的认识,使我们有可能在此基础上对这一问题进行初步的研究。一商代晚期的青铜器,即以殷墟出土铜器为代表的晚商青铜器,是中国古代青铜器成熟的标志。无论是器类的齐全,还是纹饰的富丽多彩,都显示了中国古代青铜器已步入鼎盛阶段。古代青铜器高超的工艺水平,在殷     

随州叶家山西周墓地M65出土铜器的金相实验研究

本文利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜能谱仪对湖北随州叶家山西周墓地M65出土的42件青铜器进行了金相实验研究,结果表明其中的31件材质为铅锡青铜,10件为锡青铜,仅有1件为铅青铜;铜器制作主要采用铸造工艺,仅个别兵器在局部进行了热锻加工;具有相同铭文、纹饰风格一致的铜容器的合金成分、金相组织和铸造技术等方面也较为一致。这些结果为研究M65出土青铜器的生产组织问题提供科学资料。     

论商周青铜器纹饰中的几何造形及其规律

从商代早期开始,中国的先民就已经可以在青铜器表面铸造出成熟的纹饰。如果当时具有一定的绘画水平,青铜器纹饰的发展就应该与同时期玉器的纹饰相一致。但从出土的情况看,玉器纹饰落后于青铜器,始终显得与其不同步。通过对商周青铜器纹饰制作工艺的研究,以及做相应的范铸模拟实验后,我们认为,商周青铜器纹饰的制作一般属于几何造形,是普通人较容易操作的,基本不需要绘画技能。本文以商周青铜器中乳钉纹的制作工艺为例,说明商周青铜器纹饰的制作工艺属于几何造形。     

The Primacy of Science in Modernity,of Technology in Postmodernity,and of Ideology in the History of Technology

The abrupt reversal of culturally ascribed primacy in the science–technology relationship—namely, from the primacy of science relative to technology prior to circa 1980, to the primacy of technology relative to science since about that date—is proposed as a demarcator of postmodernity from modernity: modernity is when ‘science’ could, and often did, denote technology too; postmodernity is when science is subsumed under technology. In support of that demarcation criterion, I evidence the breadth and strength of modernity’s presupposition of the primacy of science to and for technology by showing its preposterous hold upon social theorists—Marx, Veblen, Dewey—whose principles logically required the reverse, viz. the primacy of practice; upon 19th and 20th century engineers and industrialists, social actors whose practical interests likewise required the reverse; and upon the principal theorizers in the 1970s of the role of science in late 20th century technology and society. The reversal in primacy between science and technology ca 1980 came too unexpectedly, too quickly, and, above all, too unreflectively to have resulted from the weight of evidence or the force of logic. Rather, it was a concomitant of the onset of postmodernity. Oddly, historians of technology have remained almost wholly unacknowledging of postmodernity’s epochal elevation of the cultural standing of the subject of their studies, and, specifically, have ignored technology’s elevation relative to science. This I attribute to the ideological character of that discipline, and, specifically, to its strategy of ignoration of science.     

化学材料在南通天宁寺古建筑维修中的应用

天宁寺是江苏省重点文物保护单位,该建筑历经千年风霜雨雪,虫蛀霉烂,残损情况十分严重。本文简要分析了古建筑的落架大修与化学加固两种方案的利弊得失,重点介绍了化学材料在木构古建筑维修、加固中的应用。     

从1902年霍乱传播模式看清末北方社会

在晚清行将告罄的1902年,霍乱作为一个历史进程的指标,敏感地反映了开埠通商前后中国北方社会环境的剧烈变化:疫区的盈缩反映出区域商贸交往体系的成型及港口的兴衰;城乡传播模式的沿海环绕及内陆、沿海轻重疫区的清晰分层则暗示出其时区域人口交往密度的沿海大倾斜。而现代交通工具的介入,则从速度上悄然影响着霍乱的传播区域。     

Constructions of cosmopolitanism in teenage citizenship in Singapore

This study aims to uncover the geographies of places informing teenagers' understanding of cosmopolitanism and citizenship. Children and young people (CYP) in Singapore are becoming more internationally mobile and growing up in highly globalised Singapore. There are three overall arguments in this paper. First, the local is the actual place to situate studies on cosmopolitanism and that cosmopolitanism should be considered as a dimension of deterritorialised citizenship amongst CYP growing up in highly globalised nation-states. There are ‘roots and routes’ approaches to citizenship and my second argument is that the ‘routes approach’ to citizenship has ingrained cosmopolitan experiences into young people's life-worlds and is arguably the stronger approach of the two for young Singaporeans. Finally, this study demonstrates that the experiences of CYP in geographies of education [Holloway, S. L., P. Hubbard, H. Jöns, H. Pimlott-Wilson. 2010. “Geographies of Education and the Significance of Children, Youth and Families.” Progress in Human Geography 34 (5)] are credible yet neglected life-worlds that can help reconstitute frameworks for understanding cosmopolitanism and citizenship [Harvey, D. 2000. “Cosmopolitanism and the Banality of Geographical Evils.” Public Culture 12 (2)].     

间接谈话中"请求表现方式"的语用学分析

はじめに 日本语の研究が盛んになつてくるに连れて、日本语の勉强も教授法も、文法と文型重视かろ言语的コミュニケ一ション重视へと变わりつつぁる.     

以色列城市化进程中的移民因素

以色列城市化先后经历了自发发展与政府推进两个阶段,在国际移民助推下城市化进程持续推进,城市化水平显著提高,城市布局不断优化。以色列作为世界上典型的移民国家,外来犹太移民不仅是国家建构的基石,也成为以色列城市化持续、快速发展的不竭动力。     

晚清湘学发展的县学因素

湘学在经历了元、明时期的相对沉寂之后,进入了晚清繁盛时期。促成这一时期的繁盛现象,除了学术发展内在的规律及客观环境外,县域人文因素或曰县学的积淀,是重要的元素。新化邓显鹤于湖湘文献特别是船山遗书的收集整理、湘乡曾国藩经世理学士人群体的崛起、浏阳谭嗣同对中西学术的融通,促成了晚清湘学的发展与转型。     

南阳汉画像石的浪漫主义精神

南阳汉画是汉文化的载体,展现了瑰丽奇异的浪漫主义世界。汉画中的神仙世界充满了深刻的寓意和神秘的象征,反映了汉人浓厚的升仙思想,神灵大都以人兽同体的形象出现;人神杂处的世界是一个怪诞奇异、富于幻想的世界;对世俗生活的描绘透露出汉人积极乐观的生活态度。南阳汉画艺术与远古图腾、原始歌舞、商周文明、楚文化等一脉相承,密不可分。     

Signs of sinusitis in times of urbanization in Viking Age-Early Medieval Sweden

The influence and possible negative impact on sinus health of living conditions in rural and urban environments in Viking Age (AD 800–1050) and Early Medieval Sweden (AD 1050–1200) is investigated. Skeletal samples from 32 rural settlements in the Mälaren Valley (AD 750–1200) and burials in the nearby proto-urban port of trade Birka (AD 750–960) are examined. Based on the diagnostic criteria for maxillary sinusitis used in earlier studies, the results show that there is no significant difference in the prevalence of signs of sinusitis between the two materials (i.e. the Mälaren Valley versus Birka). Consequently, this provides no evidence that living in a proto-urban environment had a negative impact on sinus health. However, when compared with previously studied samples from the early medieval town Sigtuna, dated to AD 970–1100, the populations of the Mälaren Valley and Birka show significantly lower frequencies of bone changes interpreted as chronic maxillary sinusitis (95%, 70% and 82% respectively). This implies that the urban environment of Sigtuna could have led to impaired sinus health. There is also a significant difference between males and females in the Birka material, in which more females (100%) than males (68%) were affected. A gender based differentiation in work tasks is suggested by this, or exposure to environmental risk factors that affect sinus health. No difference between males and females could be detected in the samples from the Mälaren Valley and Sigtuna.     

常熟翁同騄纪念馆彩衣堂堂匾修复报告

无色、无光泽、粘结力好、渗透性强的B-72材料适用于土质文物的维修。