英国工业化与农村劳动力的转移

英国工业化与农村劳动力的转移王章辉１８世纪下半叶至１９世纪中叶,英国经过工业革命,实现了工业化,从根本上改变了社会经济结构,劳动力分布随之亦发生巨大变化,农村人口和农业劳动力不断向城镇和工矿区流动,城市人口比例急剧增加,农村人口相对地和绝对地减少。英...     

德国的城市化、人口流动与经济发展

德国的城市化、人口流动与经济发展肖辉英德国城市的兴起与工业化几乎同步进行。１９世纪中期,工业革命开始之后,整个经济结构发生了变化,农业人口向工业、商业和服务性行业流动。大批劳动力从农村转移到城市,又加速了德国工业化和城市化发展进程。同欧洲其他发达工业...     

中古英国农村劳动力转移和城市化特点——兼与工业革命时期比较

中外学者主要关注工业革命以及由此带来的世界范围内的城市化运动,较少关注前工业化时期英国农村劳动力转移现象。中古劳动力转移和城市化具有不同于工业革命时期的特点:其一,主要动力源于农业而非工业,农业生产的兴衰决定了城市化和非农产业发展的进程;其二,中古劳动力转移历时久、水平低;其三,中古英国劳动力转移呈相对集中的地域流动模式,农村居民流动迁移的主要目标是首都伦敦。此外,中古英国劳动力转移在地域和行业流动方面均呈不均衡状况,地域上偏重英国东南部和西南地区,在行业流动方面主要集中于纺织等轻工业部门。工业革命后劳动力大量流向西部和北部,汽车、钢铁等重工业部门日渐重要,英国农村劳动力转移和城市化呈现出均衡化、网络化发展态势。     

英国工业革命期间私生子高出生率原因初探

英国工业革命时期,私生子数量急剧上升。工业革命时期是英国从传统社会向现代社会转型的过渡时期。工业革命时期,农村劳动力大量向城市转移,产生了大量女佣、工厂女工;同时,工业革命中产生的一些行业发展波动频繁,工人阶层的恋爱、婚姻容易遭受冲击;工业革命造成城市中住房拥挤,男女混居比较普遍;工业革命中人口流动性较强,人们接触机会较多。总之,私生子的高出生率反映了英国工业革命带来的社会变化。     

新疆墨玉县农村劳动力转移调查及动力机制研究

近年来,南疆少数民族农村劳动力转移的规模不断扩大,外出务工收入成为当地农民收入的主要来源之一。本文在分析墨玉县农村劳动力转移现状的基础上根据2007年的抽样调查数据和2002年以来墨玉县经济社会发展的相关数据,采用多层次多因素灰色关联分析和Logistic回归分析,从宏观和微观两个层面上探讨劳动力转移的动力机制。宏观层面上,农村基本经济指标与劳动力转移的关系密切;微观层面影响农村劳动力转移的驱动力按强弱依次为家庭人口数、是否为低收入户、在读学生数、户均可耕地面积等。最后得出结论,新疆少数民族农村劳动力转移的主要驱动力来自农村内部,来自城镇的拉力作用不明显,而受自然条件、经济发展水平和民族观念等因素的影响,劳动力转移的摩擦力较大。     

俄国封建晚期城市化缓慢的间接原因

俄国封建晚期城市化缓慢的间接原因在于 ,价格革命使务农比务工和经商更有利可图 ,农民不愿意进城 ;俄国城市人口增长缓慢在很大程度上取决于农村分化程度和规模不够 ;工业革命滞后未能给农民提供充分的就业机会 ,城市对农民的吸引力不强 ;农民纷纷涌向被俄国征服的新土地之上务农。种种原因使农民很少向城市迁移 ,补充城市人口的渠道常常断流 ,导致其城市化缓慢。农民迁移的方向和规模在很大程度上决定了 1 8— 1 9世纪俄国城市化的进程和性质     

关于双辽市农村土地流转的几点建议

本文就如何有利于解除农村劳动力非农就业的后顾之忧,促进农村劳动力的转移,加速农业生产规模化,提高农业经济效益,提高土地利用率,把农民从土地上解放出来提出若干建议,有一定的参考价值。     

试析农村劳动力资源的档案管理策略

劳动就业管理机构的社会服务性质的机构,它的职责是对区域内的劳动力资源进行管理,开展职业介绍和就业指导业务,提供失业保险管理和就业保障服务。近年来,我国的劳动就业管理机构在促进农业人口就业、引导农村劳动力流动等方面成效显著,这得益于农村劳动力资源的档案管理策略。     

19世纪末20世纪初莫斯科省农民打工的若干问题

19世纪末20世纪初,俄国农民为了维持生计打工。莫斯科省的农民打工问题具有代表性。省内13县农民打工去向大致分为三类:一是以在当地就职者为主,二是以到外地打工者为主,三是留在当地和前往外地者平分秋色。人数居高不下的就地打工者延缓了农村人口向城市迁移的进程;农村居民点在经济方面已经超过了城市,但工厂工人却不是城市市民。这正与城市化初期的基本特征,即农村劳动力及其供养人口向非农产业转移且向城市集中的过程相悖。农民打工问题是理解俄国从农业社会向工业社会过渡的一个切入点。     

《广西通志·农业志》篇目

综合卷总　述第一篇　农业资源第一章　农业自然资源　第一节　土地资源 (重点:耕地,园地含茶、桑、果,宜耕荒地)　农用地总资源(农用地分类)　宜垦农用土地　第二节　农水资源　第三节　植物资源　第四节　气候资源　第五节　农业气象灾害　干旱　洪涝　低温阴雨(冷害)　风害　冰雹　春季高温第二章　农业经济资源　第—节　农村人口　人口变化与构成　　人口增长　　人口构成(含性别,文化,年龄,民族)　农村劳动力变化与构成　　劳动力变化(劳动力增长,劳动力转移)　　劳动力构成(总体结构,性别比例,产业分布)　劳动力开发、利用　第二节　…     

英国工业革命时期的家庭生产

家庭史学是史学的一个新成员,现已成为新史学的研究热点之一。家庭生产包括物质生产和人口生产两个方面。英国工业革命时期,物质生产的发展改变了人类单一依靠土地的生产方式,增加了财富．使人口增长成为可能,人口增长又反过来成为英国工业革命的推进剂,当两发展不协调时可以通过生育控制等来达到平衡。在英国工业革命这一特定的历史时期,两种生产互为因果、互相制约,形成社会发展的良性机制。     

Revolution, war, and villages: A case study on villages of Licheng county, Shanxi province during the war of Resistance Against Japan

This paper focuses on several villages of Licheng county in the southeastern part of Shanxi province, probing into how the war and the revolution affected village society in North China. The primary concern of most existing studies on the Chinese Revolution has been to examine how the Communist Party of China (CPC) mobilized peasants in a certain area, boosted their revolutionary consciousness, and ultimately led them to win the revolution, and to carry out this inquiry in the context of the orthodox history of the CPC, from top-down perspective. The paper focuses on the microscopic world of a village, and examine, from the bottom-up perspective and in the context of the history of the village itself, what the war and the revolution meant to the village, several factors that have remained rather inconspicuous begin to surface. The case studies of several villages in Licheng county shows that the revolution unfolded as an extension of various conflicts or rivalries that had existed for years within each village, or between different villages. One group of well-to-do people who had once monopolized public authority within a village fell from power, while a group of poorer peasants who had been dominated by the richer group joined the CPC and emerged as new power holders in the village. The motives that drove peasants to join the CPC were often far more complex and diverse than conventional theory would have us believe.     

古村落旅游移民社会融合结构及其影响因素研究——以世界文化遗产宏村为例

新世纪以来古村落已发展成为深受游客喜爱的大众旅游地,在吸引大量游客纷至沓来的同时,也吸引了一些外来人口在此常住与工作,形成旅游移民。以世界文化遗产宏村为研究案例,在实地问卷调查的基础上探讨其旅游移民社会融合结构及融合现状。结果表明：①宏村旅游移民社会融合包含4个维度,分别为文化融合、心理融合、身份融合和经济融合。②宏村旅游移民整体社会融合度不高;其中,心理融合最好,公因子得分达到3.57分;其次是文化融合与身份融合,融合度均未达到中等水平,且文化融合维度的内部离散性较强;最后是经济融合,其融合度最低,移民经济收入未达到预期水平。③影响宏村旅游移民社会融合的主要因素分为个人因素和迁入地因素,其中迁入地因素影响程度大于个人因素。最后对古村落旅游移民社会融合的特征进行了讨论。     

HOUSING INDUSTRIAL WORKERS DURING THE 19TH CENTURY: BACK-TO-BACK HOUSING IN TEXTILE LANCASHIRE

Abstract

During the Industrial Revolution period, rows of small houses built for industrial and other workers became a common landscape feature in Britain. Most were through houses, but, in many parts of the country, sizeable numbers were built as back-to-backs. By the early Victorian period, such houses had become associated with high-density and extremely squalid loving conditions in industrial towns and were strongly condemned by contemporaries. Of particularly concern were the health hazards that were seen to arise from a lack of through ventilation. Less well recognised and discussed by historians, however are the-back-to back houses that were associated with rurally-based industry. Focusing on textile Lancashire, this article addresses the theme, demonstrating not only the importance they could have as a component of rural settlement during and beyond the Industrial Revolution era, but also that they came to offer much improved standards of accommodation.     

Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Marriage Distance in Two Sikh Villages of Punjab

The spatial aspects of marriage in two Sikh villages in the Indian state of Punjab are investigated with the findings compared to earlier sudies in other parts of India. One village had experienced the Green Revolution, hut the second had not. A radius of roughly 25 miles demarcates the limit of over 80% of marriage interaction in both villages, and a “crater effect” was observed in the distance decay of marriages. An expansion of the marriage field had taken place in the village influenced by Green Revolution changes, whereas no similar change occurred in the village practicing traditional agriculture. Both the extent of the marriage field and the variations in the intensity of marriage links within the field were affected by socio-economic factors including level of education, caste and extent of land ownership.     

Models of urban change: Sydney 1820–1870

Established models of urban change do not adequately allow for the complex interactions between the forces and relations of production and the effects of changes in these factors on urban settlements. A proposed, extended model includes a transition stage which can best be described as the mercantile or early capitalist city which hadnot yet adopted the modern technology developed in the Industrial Revolution. Sydney and its growth and development between 1820 and 1870, a crucial period, is viewed against this suggested framework. During this period, Sydney was clearly going through such a transitional phase.     

英国早期乡村工业社会研究

英国工业革命中出现的乡村工业社会,是大工业在乡村发展的必然结果和乡村城市化过程的初始阶段。工业家是乡村工业社会的创建者和主宰,主要通过提供住房和管理公共卫生、控制社区的宗教和教育事业、掌控公共管理权力等3个方面来实现对乡村工业社会的控制和管理。开展关于英国早期乡村工业社会的研究,对于了解工业发展与社会转型之间的微妙关系,揭示工业企业家群体对社会事务的广泛渗透和控制,具有一定的启发意义。     

Expressing Ideology Without a Voice, or Obfuscation and the Enlightenment

The consumer culture produced by the Industrial Revolution obfuscates diversity in the archaeological record. Mass-manufactured goods might be read as mass-manufactured culture. It is important for historical archaeologists to attempt to decode the complexities of consumption. Using a feminist approach, I examine one archaeologically visible way in which muted groups simultaneously embrace and resist the tenets of a dominant ideology. I compare ceramic assemblages from four nineteenth/twentieth-century sites in Annapolis, Maryland, two mid-nineteenth-century assemblages from New York City, and some additional selected examples from North America.     

Rural-urban migration and urban employment opportunities in Nigeria

The author suggests that most studies of rural-urban migration in the third world today are based on the European experience during the Industrial Revolution. He contends that the assumption that most migrants find wage employment in a rapidly growing modern industrial sector is not valid, particularly in Western Africa, where the pace of industrialization lags behind the rate of urbanization. Data from Nigeria are used to show that many potential migrants are aware of this situation and migrate seeking self-employment in informal sector trading activities.     

The Poor Law of old England: institutional innovation and demographic regimes

The striking improvement in life expectancy that took place in England between the Middle Ages and the seventeenth century cannot be explained either by an increase in real wages or by better climatic conditions. The decrease in the risk of utter destitution or of death from famine that was evident on the eve of the Industrial Revolution stemmed, in part, from institutional changes in the old poor law, which began to take shape and become effective early in the seventeenth century.