Foreign Languages in the Elementary Schools of Richmond,Virginia

The medieval hunt and hunting manuals have been studied by historians as sources for the history of medieval science and geography, and for their insights into the daily lives of the elite societies that practiced hunting as a ritualized sport. This article examines two medieval hunting manuals, Juan Manuel’s Libro de la caza, and the Libro de la montería, commissioned by King Alfonso XI of Castile, and King Alfonso X’s law code, the Siete partidas, for their rhetorical and ideological portrayals of hunting and falconry as expressions of aristocratic power and sovereignty over the natural world. The article concludes with a study of an imagined debate between the merits of falconry and hunting with hounds in the Libro de la caza and Libro de la montería that sheds light on Juan Manuel and Alfonso’s competing views on nobility, informed by the political history of war and rebellion that shaped the lives of both men.     

语言与民族认同

语言是人类特有的交流信息的工具,语言不但是人类社会的产物,而且帮助塑造了人自身。语言是文化的基础,它使人们得以将客观事实进行分类、记忆、思维和总结。语言又是传播文化的载体,人们借此传播信息、介绍经验,表达感情。而民族语言的认同又是各个民族集团最有特征的行为,因而经常成为分辨不同民族的基本标志。     

外语原版书的使用问题——以日本古代文学的近代"经典形成"为例

在外语教学过程中,外国人以母语所编写的原版书籍往往被认定为最正宗、最正确的语言教学用书而备受推崇,而且不仅限于以语法知识为中心的教材,甚至包括了以意识形态为内核的史书等。这种情况非常不利于国民的培养以及民族国家的建设。     

Linguistic Theories in Foreign Language Teaching:An Overview

It is universally acknowledged that linguistics studies not any particular language but it studies languages as a whole.The generally defined language teaching theories refer to teaching methods and approaches.Therefore,this dissertation makes a brief review and analysis on major methodologists in foreign language teaching which contribute most to L2 teaching.By doing so,we can get insight into the relationship between linguistic theories and language teaching practice better so as to make foreign language teaching more efficient and acceptable.     

Teaching Political Science in China: Observations and Suggestions from a Foreign Visitor

Abstract

In responding to the other participants in the Symposium on Plato's Philosophers I attempt to clarify the reasons for, and the results of, my attempt to bring out the interrelations among the dialogues in order to determine what Plato thought. Recognizing that the indications of the dramatic dates of some the dialogues are controversial, I argue that the dates point to an over-arching narrative–the story of the rise, development, and limitations of Socratic philosophy. Plato uses his other philosophers—the Athenian Stranger, Parmenides, Timaeus, and the Eleatic Stranger—to bring out the problems that gave rise to Socratic philosophy and the limitations of his responses. Plato makes Socrates his “hero,” because Socrates provides the best account of the human beings who engage in the search for wisdom. By contrasting him with the other philosophers, Plato dramatizes the insoluble problems that make philosophy always a search for wisdom.     

Recent Books in the Field of Medieval Languages and Literatures

This article examines the contradictions underlying the Falangist feminine ideal as it oscillated between demure/traditional and enterprising/modern in the rhetoric of the Sección Femenina. As the author demonstrates, the peculiarity of the Sección Femenina—which acted as the dominant cultural filter for women's familial, social, and political obligations at the time—stems from its leaders' at once-dominated (vis-à-vis the state) and dominant (vis-à-vis the female constituents) position in the cultural, social, national, and political landscape of post-civil war Spain. Although the retrograde ways of the Sección Femenina, whose statutes and rhetoric drew on the nineteenth-century bourgeois discourse of different and complementary gender relations, have elicited numerous studies, this article examines the use of this familiar and unthreatening (to the regime) model of female formation as the legitimating basis of its unconventional praxis.     

Recent Books in the Field of Romance Languages and Literatures

Mercedes Agulló y Cobo. La Poesía española en 1961. (Cuadernos Bibliográficos, VII). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Madrid, 1963, Pp. 62.

Frederick B. Arlz. From the Renaissance to Romanticism. Trends in Style in Art, Literature, and Music, 1300–1830. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1962, Pp. x, 311.

Theodore Besterman. Studies on Voltaire and the 18th Century. Geneva: Institut et Musée Voltaire, 1962. Pp. 263.

Germaine Brée. Gide. Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1963. Pp. 302.

Lucile Kathryn Delano. Spain, Reality and Legend. Rock Hill, South Carolina: Winthrop College, 1964, Pp. 145. $1.50.

Wallace Fowlie. A Reading of Proust. New York: Doubleday &; Co., 1964. Pp. 307.

Edward Inman Fox. Azorín as a Literatury Critic. New York: Hispanic Institute in the United States, 1962. Pp. 176.

Rinaldo Froldi. Il Teatro valenzano e l'origine della commedia baroca. (Istituto di letteratura Spagnola e ispano-Americana della Università di Pisa). Pisa: Editrice Tecnico-Scientifica, 1962. Pp. 112.

Peter Gay. The Party of Humanity. Essays in the French Enlightenment. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1964. Pp. 290.

Herbert S. Gershman, Kernan B. Whitworth, Jr. Anthology of Critical Prefaces to the Nineteenth-Century French Novel. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1962. Pp. vii, 233.

J. D. Hubert. Molière and the Comedy of Intellect. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962. Pp. xvi, 275.

Willis Knapp Jones, ed. Spanish-American Literature in Translation. New York: Ungar, 1963. Pp. xxi, 469.

Maxim Newmark. Dictionary of Spanish Literature. Paterson, New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams and Company, 1963. Pp. 352.

Muriel Rukeyser, ed. and translator. Selected Poems of Octavio Paz. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press, 1964. Pp. 171.

Nilida Salvador. Revistas argentinas de vanguardia (1920–1930). Buenos Aires: Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, 1962. Pp. 109.

Baltasar Samper. Investigación folklórica en México. I. México: Departamento de Bellas Artes, 1962. Pp. 653.

Friedrich Soleürr. Miguel de Unamuno. Dichterphilosoph des tragischen Lebensgefuhls. Bern and München: Francke Verlag, 1962. Pp. 169.

Francis Steegmuller. Apollinaire. New York: Farrar, Straus and Co., 1963. Pp. 365.

Phillip A. Wadsworth. Tristan l'Hermite: Poésies, choisies et annotées. Paris: Seghers, 1962. Pp. 150.     

Recent Books in the Field of Classical Languages and Literatures

Abstract

Brigitte Cazelles. The Unholy Grail: A Social Reading of Chrétien de Troyes's Conte du Graal. Stanford University Press, 1996. 325 pp.

William W. Kibler, ed. The Lancelot-Grail Cycle: Text and Transformations. University of Texas Press, 1994. vii + 247 pp. $37.50.

Richard G. Hodgson. Falsehood Disguised. Unmasking the Truth in La Rochefoucauld. (Purdue Studies in Romance Literature, 7) West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press, 1995. 175 pp.

Doris Y. Kadish and Françoise Massardier-Kenney, eds. Translating Slavery: Gender and Race in French Women's Writing, 1783-1823 (Translation Studies, 2). Kent, Ohio, and London: Kent State University Press, 1994. 346 pp.

Jean-Xavier Ridon. Henri Michaux, J. M. G. Le Clézio: l'exil des mots. Paris: Éditions Kimé, 1995. 146 pp. 130F.

Raylene L. Ramsay. The French New Autobiographies: Sanaute, Duras, and Robbe-Grillet (Crosscurrents: Comparative Studies in European Literature and Philosophy) Gainesville, Florida.: University Press of Florida, 1996. 263 pp.

C. Christopher Soufas. Audience and Authority in the Modernist Theater of Federico García Lorca. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1996. xvi + 191 pp.

Suzanne S. Hintz, ed. Essays in Honor of Josep M. Solà-Solé: Linguistic and Literary Relations of Catalan and Castilian. (Catalan Studies, 23) New York: Peter Lang, 1996. 334 pp.

Karen Pinkus. Bodily Regimes: Italian Advertising under Fascism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995. XV + 268 pp.     

中国古代机械与器物的图像表达

表达方法是知识的创造和发展的一个重要方面,对知识的承传也有重要影响。技术知识的图像表达与绘画艺术密切相关。中国画家在以再现视觉效果为追求的对位置向背方面的揣摸及绘画实践中总结出了一些与现在的透视理论一致的绘画方法,并将这些方法用于机械、器物的绘画之中。晋代,数学家已经运用文字和图来阐释数学知识,地图专家总结了绘图的法则。唐代画家在描绘台阁、车舆、器物等时追求“形似”,敦煌壁画多具有纵向的移动透视或散点透视画法的特征,间有相当于一点透视的画法。五代画家的三维空间描绘物体的方法可以按照正确的比例表达物体的尺寸和形状。此后,画家对机械、器物、建筑的描绘达到了细致入微的程度。北宋时期,图与说的结合成为科技书籍的表达模式,它突破了“不收图”的编书传统。作者运用等同于移动透视、正投影、近似轴测投影和近似平行投影的画法和文字解说表达出机械、器物等的详细构造。有些著作以装配图、零件图等两张或两张以上的组合视图表达复杂的器物或机械结构。图、说结合的表达模式一直延续到19世纪近代工程图学传入中国时期,并融入现代工程、机械表达方法之中。