试论赫尔德浪漫主义历史哲学思想

赫尔德是近代西方史学发展史上承前启后的历史学家,他身上兼有启蒙与浪漫的双重因素,这使他成为思想领域的集大成者。他开创了浪漫主义的历史新观念。他的“历史的有机体“的观点,是在批判地继承和吸收启蒙运动思想家和自然科学发展新成果的基础上形成的。他对历史发展的个体性、多样性、内在性、连续性和整体性的论述,他理解历史的“移情“方法,对浪漫主义历史学和后来的史学发展都产生了重要而深远的影响。     

Dhammapada Traditions and Translations

The Dhammapada is probably the most frequently translated Buddhist text in the world today. This article looks at the history of translations of the Dhammapada since it was first translated into English in the nineteenth century. I start by comparing the little known first English translation by Daniel Gogerly from 1840 with the influential 1870 translation by Max Müller. The paper then examines the main translations which have appeared since the mid-twentieth century. I show how they represent Buddhist, Hindu and other views on the Dhammapada and that they continue to be influenced by the pioneering nineteenth-century translations. I argue that translations of the Dhammapada are conditioned not only by the viewpoints of the translators but also by the existence of a tradition of translating the Dhammapada . Both factors I conclude have contributed to the importance placed on the Dhammapada as a representative Buddhist text.     

Swift Creek at a human scale

ABSTRACT

The interpretive potential of Swift Creek pottery, widely produced throughout Georgia, eastern Alabama, and northern Florida during the Middle and Late Woodland periods between ca. cal AD 100 and 800, has been apparent for many years. Much research has been focused on identifying paddle designs from the impressions left on sherds. Less attention has been devoted to the carving of the wooden paddles and its social context. Drawing inferences from our work on Swift Creek pottery in southern Georgia and Florida, and drawing inspiration from the career of Mark Williams, we consider Swift Creek paddle production “at a human scale.” Extrapolating from the number of paddle designs identified in our sample, we argue that paddle manufacture was an infrequent occurrence, probably conducted by specialists and intended to commemorate major life events.     

Six Tibetan Translations of the Ratnagotravibhaga

The Ratnagotravibhaga （abbr. RGV） is one of the most influential texts among Indic works that teach the Buddha-nature doctrine in Tibet. No translation of the text seems to have existed in Tibet before the 11th century, inasmuch as no catalogue of the imperial period （the 9th century）,     

Hungry Translations: The World Through Radical Vulnerability

The dominant landscape of knowledge and policy rests on a fundamental inequality: bodies who are seen as hungry are assumed to be available for the interventions of experts, but those experts often obliterate the ways that the hungry actively create politics and knowledge by living a dynamic vision of what is ethical and what makes the good life. Such living frequently involves a creative praxis of refusal against imposed frameworks. Learning from such refusals requires hungry translations that are open and flowing and that are embedded in embodied solidarities that require radical vulnerability. Such translations strive to converse across incommensurable landscapes of struggles and meanings in order to co‐agitate against universalised languages that erase the vocabularies and visions of those who are reduced to hungry bodies. In reconceptualising politics as a shared and unending labour on an uneven terrain that makes perfect translation or retelling impossible, hungry translation becomes a continuous collective praxis of troubling inherited meanings of the social, and of making our knowledges more alive to the creativity of socio‐political struggle. Such hungry translations must fearlessly move between worlds in search of poetic justice and social justice without defining an origin or destination and without compromising the singularities that constitute each community of struggle.     

Swift Creek paddle designs and the imperative to be unique

ABSTRACT

The emergence of the Swift Creek style tradition represents a shift from two or three simple carved paddle designs to many thousands of unique paddle designs by middle Swift Creek then back to merely a few in late and post Swift Creek times. This explosion in designs is a striking phenomenon, in need of consideration. Increased design diversity implicates a rise in creativity, verging on an imperative to be unique, where none previously existed in this medium. In this paper, we offer a revised model of Swift Creek social dynamics by reference to the new-found creativity of paddle makers situated within the context of ethnographic case studies.     

晚清入华新教传教士译业述评

晚清入华的英美新教传教士在中国士人协助下,开展了规模空前的西学中译工作,其间发生“原语主义”与“译语主义”的论争。而晚清译业的实践证明,译语主义指示了沟通中西化的行之有效的路径。     

民国时期的日书汉译

在中国近代翻译史上,自甲午至抗战前夕,汉译日书数量一直处于各语种译书之领先地位。晚清之际,这一领先地位居于压倒性优势。民国初期,受国家政局的影响,出版业整体衰落,汉译日书事业亦大大退步。五四时期杂志繁荣而图书冷淡。战前十年堪称民国出版业的黄金十年,也是日书汉译的鼎盛时期。近代以来,中国人对翻译日书一直存有某种矛盾心态:一方面认为通过日本学习西方文化,因经过去粗取精的中间环节,可以力省效速;另一方面,又觉得西方文化被日本人咀嚼过后,难免掺和着日本文化的唾沫,难得西方文化的本相和真传。清末之际,尚处蒙昧状态和急于求成的中国人大多怀着前一种心态;五四以后,已被初步启蒙的中国人渐渐倾向后一种心态。在前一种心态下,认为游学之国,西洋不如东洋,译西书不如译东书。在后一种心态下,留学西洋与留学东洋有镀金与镀银之分;转译东书远不如径译西书。     

Swift and Erie: The Trials of an Ephemeral Landmark Case

Like jazz improvisation, the meaning of Swift v. Tyson was elusive. ¹ Justice Joseph Story's 1842 opinion concerning an important commercial‐law issue arose from a jury trial. ² When the creditor plaintiff appealed, counsel for the winning debtor raised as a defense Section 34 of the 1789 Judiciary Act. The federal circuit court disagreed about the standing of commercial law under Section 34. Although profound conflicts otherwise divided nationalist and states'‐rights proponents, the Supreme Court endorsed Story's commercial‐law opinion unanimously. ³ New members of the Court and the increasing number of federal lower‐court judges steadily transformed the Swift doctrine; after the Civil War it agitated the federal judiciary, elite lawyers, and Congress. ⁴ Asserting contrary tenets of American constitutionalism, the Supreme Court overturned the ninety‐six‐year‐old precedent in Erie Railroad v. Tompkins (1938). ⁵ The Swift doctrine's resonance with changing times was forgotten. The Court and the legal profession established, transformed, and abandoned the doctrine though an adversarial process and judicial instrumentalism. Although the policy of each decision reflected its time, Story's opinion was more consistent with the federalism of the early Constitution than was Erie. ⁶